https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/ Clinical Psychology and Personality en daily 1 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4872.html Introduction: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a growing concern, incurring substantial public health costs. .Accordingly, this research aims to examine the effectiveness of Barlow's unified protocol transdiagnostic treatment on self-injury behavior, experiential avoidance and neuroticism in individuals with non-suicidal self-injury.Method: This quasi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest design with a control and follow-up group. The statistical population comprised all women aged 18-27 (In this age range, self-injurious behavior peaks) who, in 1403, presented to counseling centers in Mashhad with non-suicidal self-injury. The sample included 30 participants, volunteer-selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 individual therapy sessions; the control group, treatment post-follow-up Data were collected using the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS), the neuroticism subscale of the Multidimensional Emotional Disorder Inventory (MEDI), and the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS-26.Results: The findings indicated a statistically significant difference in the frequency and severity of self-injurious behavior (encompassing both intrapersonal and interpersonal functions), neuroticism, and experiential avoidance between the experimental and control groups at both post-test and follow-up phases of the Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment Protocol (p<0.01). The η2 effect sizes for the between-group effects on these variables were 0.13, 0.52, 0.51, 0.27, 0.35, and 0.41, respectively. Moreover, the interactive effect between time and group levels was significant for all variables (p<0.01). Importantly, the treatment effects on all variables in the experimental group were sustained at the follow-up assessment.Discussion and conclusion: Based on these results, the Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment Protocol shows promise as an effective intervention for self-injurious behavior. Therefore, its future implementation is crucial for reducing non-suicidal self-injury and its associated factors. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4861.html Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication across multiple contexts, along with restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors and interests. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback on the social and behavioral skills of children with ASD.Method: A single-subject ABA design was employed in this study. The statistical population included all children with ASD referred to the Paya Rehabilitation Center in northern Tehran in October 2019. Two 7-year-old children were selected through purposive sampling and received neurofeedback therapy in 40 sessions of 45 minutes, three times a week. The research instruments were the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) and the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). Data were analyzed using visual inspection and Cohen’s d effect size.Results: Visual analyses of social skills, behavioral problems, and behavioral deficits indicated the positive effects of neurofeedback on ASD symptoms. In addition, effect size calculations using Cohen’s d confirmed the effectiveness of the intervention during both the treatment and follow-up phases.Discussion and conclusion: The findings of this study may inform treatment planning and clinical interventions aimed at reducing symptoms and improving rehabilitation outcomes in children with ASD. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4842.html Introduction: The most significant issue in the psychological pathology of children is behavioral problems that arise during growth and development. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Parent Management Training- Oregon Model (PMTO) and Parent Behavioral Training (BPT) on the resilience of children with externalizing problems aged 7 to 10 years.Method: The present research design was applied, semi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all children with externalizing behavioral problems aged 7 to 10 in the 2023-2024 academic year in Zarinshehr County. Sixty mothers of children with externalizing problems were selected through convenience sampling to participate in the study. The research tools included the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (1991) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). The interventions of the Oregon Model Parent Management Training (PMTO) and Parent Behavioral Training (BPT) were conducted in 10 sessions of 120 minutes each, once a week, on the samples of the two experimental groups, while the control group received no intervention. After the completion of the sessions, post-tests were conducted for all three groups, and follow-up assessments were carried out one.Results: According to the findings, there was no significant difference in resilience between the Parent Management- Oregon (PMTO) and Parent Behavioral Training (BPT) groups at the level of (p<0.05), but a significant difference was observed between these two groups and the control group. In other words, in both intervention groups, the means decreased from pre-test to post-test and follow-up.Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that the Oregon Model emphasizes creating a warm, supportive, and predictable parent-child relationship. This strengthens the sense of security and attachment, which is essential for resilience. Children who feel love, acceptance, and understanding can better cope with stress and difficulties. Additionally, the Parent Behavioral Training model by Barkley, which emphasizes the complex nature of behavior, addresses emotional and developmental issues, and provides parents with skills to create a nurturing environment, contributes to improving long-term positive outcomes. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4869.html Introduction: Social network addiction is increasingly prevalent among university students, affecting their academic performance and mental well-being. The aim of this study was to predict social network addiction based on personality traits with the mediating role of self-esteem among university students. Method: This study employed a descriptive correlational research design, emphasizing path Analysis. The statistical population consisted of students from the Islamic Azad University. A multistage cluster random sampling method was used, resulting in a sample size of 439 participants. Data were collected using the Mobile-Based Social Network Addiction Questionnaire (Khajeh Ahmadi et al., 2016), the NEO Five-Factor Inventory-Short Form (Costa & McCrae, 1989), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (1965). Path analysis was employed for data analysis, and data were processed using SPSS and AMOS software.Results: The findings revealed that personality traits were associated with social network addiction both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of self-esteem. Self-esteem negatively mediated the relationship between extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness and social media addiction, while positively mediating the relationship between neuroticism and social media addiction. Furthermore, self-esteem directly and negatively predicted social media addiction. Discussion and conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of self-esteem in reducing social media overuse. Strengthening self-esteem and promoting responsible digital habits such as social network management strategy may help mitigate social network addiction among students. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4850.html Introduction: Sexual health is a vital component of marital satisfaction that is influenced by psychological and personality factors. This study aimed to investigate the structural model of couples' sexual health based on dark tetrad personality traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) and the mediating role of marital boredom.Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included married students aged 25 to 50 at Urmia University in 1403, of whom 250 were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools included Larson's standard sexual health questionnaire (1998), Yousefi's dark four personality traits (2018), and Pines' marital burnout (1997). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26 and lisrel 10 software.Results: The results of structural equation modeling indicated significant relationships between dark personality traits and marital burnout, as well as between marital burnout and couples’ sexual health (p < 0.01). A significant direct relationship was also observed between dark personality traits and sexual health (p < 0.05). Path analysis revealed that marital burnout played a significant mediating role in the relationship between dark personality traits and sexual health, such that dark traits led to lower sexual health through increased marital burnout. The variables in the model were able to explain approximately 59% of the variance in couples’ sexual health. The model fit indices (RMSEA = 0.053, CFI = 0.92, GFI = 0.88) confirmed a good fit of the structural model.Discussion and conclusion: Based on the findings, marital burnout serves as a significant mediator that intensifies the negative impact of dark personality traits on sexual health. Individuals with dark tetrad, especially narcissism and psychopathy often exhibit controlling and unempathetic behaviors, which increase emotional exhaustion in the relationship and ultimately reduce satisfaction and quality in sexual interactions. Therefore, to enhance sexual health in couples, it is essential to consider personality factors and address marital burnout through empathy training, effective communication skills, and couples counseling. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4868.html Introduction: While the relationship between stressful life events and non-suicidal self-injury has been explored, there has been less focus on the mediating factors involved, particularly generalized anxiety. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine the roles of generalized anxiety and depression as mediators in the relationship between stressful life events and non-suicidal self-injury among students.Method: The current research method was fundamental, cross-sectional, and descriptive of the correlation type. The study's statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students enrolled at the universities of Neyshabur during the academic year 2023-2024. A sample of 521 undergraduate students was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments utilized in this study included the Life Stressful Events Screening Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-13, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. The research data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 and LISREL software version 8.8, employing the structural equation modeling.Results: The results of the study revealed a relationship between stressful life events, generalized anxiety, depression, and non-suicidal self-injury. Specifically, the findings indicated that generalized anxiety and depression mediate the connection between stressful life events and non-suicidal self- injury among students.Discussion and conclusion: Stressful life events, generalized anxiety, and depression significantly influence non-suicidal self-injury among students. Researchers and experts in psychology should focus on these variables to develop effective pathological models and treatment strategies https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4832.html Introduction: Considering the importance of adolescence and the potential crises during this period, especially among vulnerable groups, this study aimed to investigate the role of personality traits and psychological capital in predicting high-risk behaviors in orphaned adolescents. Method: This research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all orphaned adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (both boys and girls) living in welfare centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization in Mashhad. A total of 300 participants were selected using a census method. The study utilized the Iranian Adolescent Risk-Taking Scale (IARS), the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO), and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and stepwise regression) via SPSS-21 software. Results: The findings indicated that personality traits such as conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism (p < 0.0001, R² = 0.206) and components of psychological capital, including hope and optimism (p < 0.0001, R² = 0.067), were significant predictors of high-risk behaviors. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended to focus on individual differences among these adolescents and design programs to enhance hope and optimism as a means to increase resilience and prevent the emergence of high-risk behaviors in this population. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4851.html Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic and chronic disease that has a significant impact on the psychological factors of adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of behavioral systemic family therapy on coping styles and cognitive flexibility in type 1 diabetic adolescents.Method: This study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population was typing 1 diabetic adolescents aged 14-18 years old in Tehran and their parents in 2019, from which 30 volunteers were randomly selected and placed in two experimental and control groups. Then the questionnaires of Freudenberg and Luise (1993) coping styles and Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) cognitive flexibility were completed by both groups. Then, family therapy was performed on the experimental group. And again, the questionnaires were presented to both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software and covariance analysis method.Results: The results showed that in the sub-scales of coping styles including referring to others (P=0.012) and problem-oriented (P<0.001) between the two experimental and control groups in the post-test There was a significant difference in cognitive flexibility subscales including alternatives (P=0.002), control (P>0.001) and alternatives for human behavior. (P>0.001) There was a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the post-test.Discussion and conclusion: Therefore, behavioral systemic family therapy can be used to improve and correct the psychological factors of type 1 diabetic adolescents. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4834.html Introduction: Various factors at the personality and psychological levels, such as attachment styles, both separately and in interaction with each other, affect the relationship between couples and lead to an increase in their tendency toward marital infidelity. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparitive study of the effectiveness of individual and couple emotion-focused therapy on experience in close relationship- relationship structure (attachment security) in couples with extramarital relationships. Method: This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design, including a control group and a follow-up of 2 months. The statistical population consisted of all couples with extramarital relationships in Karaj city during the autumn of 2024. In the first stage, 60 couples were selected and then randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (each group consisting of 15 couples) and 2 control groups (each group also consisting of 15 couples). The experimental group underwent emotion-focused therapy by Greenberg & Goldman (2008), while the control group received no training and remained on the waiting list. To collect data, the Experience in Close Relationships - Relationship Structure (ECR-RS) scale developed by Fraley et al. (2011) was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-28 software, employing analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni correction. Results: The results of the study showed that individual and couple emotion-focused therapy had a significant effect on attachment security (P<0.05). In addition, the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test indicated that couple emotion-focused therapy is more effective than individual emotion-focused therapy on the close relationship structure (attachment security) in couples with extramarital relationships (P<0.05). Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that individual and couple emotion-focused therapy can be utilized as treatment methods to improve attachment security in couples with extramarital relationships, with priority given to couple emotion-focused therapy. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4917.html Introduction: The prevalence of overweight among Iranian children and adolescents is increasing for various reasons, and inactivity is one of the most important factors. Recently, the concept of physical literacy has emerged as a key concept for promoting active behavior and improving behavioral and mental health in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a physical fitness exercise program based on physical literacy on weight loss and increasing mental excitement of overweight female students.Method: In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and control group design, 32 overweight female high school students (12 to 17 years old) were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups of 16 people. The experimental group engaged in physical fitness exercises based on physical literacy for 8 weeks, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The required data were collected using physical fitness tests and a questionnaire on subjective vitality and physical literacy. Data analysis was performed using dependents t testes and univariate, and multivariate analysis of covariance.Results: The results of the research show a significant increase in the level of physical fitness, physical literacy, mental excitement and a significant decrease in the total body weight and body mass index of the subjects (p<0.05).Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it seems necessary to pay more attention to implementing physical literacy-based sports activities in schools to control weight and improve mental excitement, especially for overweight female students. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4884.html Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of positive psychology training on lifestyle, happiness, and psychological capital of patients with type II diabetes in Semirom County in 2016-2017. Method: This semi-experimental study was a pre-test-post-test type with a control and experimental group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the study was people with type 2 diabetes in Semirom County, from whom 30 people were selected through convenient sampling according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were assigned to two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). Then, the experimental group underwent positive psychology training (Rashid, 2008) for 14 sessions (one 90-minute session per week) and after the end of the intervention sessions, a post-test was taken from both groups (experimental and control). And a month later, the follow-up phase was conducted. In this study, the Lali Lifestyle Questionnaire (2012) (LSQ) was used to assess lifestyle, the Oxford Argyle and Lowe Happiness Questionnaire (1989) (OHQ) was used to assess happiness, and the Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007) (PCQ) was used to assess psychological capital. Finally, the repeated measures analysis of variance test and SPSS version 27 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of data analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance showed that positive psychology training had a significant effect on lifestyle (p < 0.01), happiness (p < 0.01), and psychological capital (p < 0.01) in patients with type 2 diabetes. And this result was also stable in the follow-up phase. Discussion and conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that positive psychology plays an important and fundamental role in improving the lifestyle, happiness, and psychological capital of patients with type II diabetes. This can be of interest to counselors. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4922.html Introduction: Craving has attracted the attention of many researchers who study factors related to substance abuse. The present study aimed to investigate the structural equation model of craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment based on personality traits and time perspective.Method: The present research design was fundamental in terms of its purpose and descriptive-cross-sectional in terms of its method of collecting data, using the correlational structural equation modeling method. The research population included patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in Tehran and the selected sample included 270 people who were selected through convenience sampling. To conduct the present study questionnaires such as craving , five-factor personality, and time perspective were used, and SPSS-21 and AMOS-21 software were used to analyze the data.Results: The proposed model has a good fit. Also, the direct effect of personality traits on craving and time perspective is significant. Personality traits can predict drug craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment through time perspective. The results of the model fitting showed that the personality traits of neuroticism and conscientiousness indirectly affect drug craving through time perspective.Discussion and conclusion: Time perspective plays a protective role against relapse and paying attention to it can be of great importance in the treatment of drug cravings. Therefore, it is suggested that this construct be used to promote the psychological health of patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4833.html Introduction: Major depression is one of the disorders that can severely affect the patient's quality of life and in the worst case can cause suicidal thoughts in the patient and even suicide attempts. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to introduce techniques based on memetic psychology and examine their effect on major depressive disorder.Method: The present study was a qualitative case study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all people diagnosed with major depressive disorder living in Kermanshah in 2024. To select the research sample, a purposive sampling method was used and one subject diagnosed with major depressive disorder was selected using a diagnostic interview based on DSM-5. The participant underwent memetic psychology-based interventions for 10 weeks.Results: Finally, the use of the diagnostic interview based on DSM-5, Beck Depression Inventory-2, researcher observations, and patient self-report showed that the use of techniques based on memetic psychology, including Mapping the self, Meme maps, and Deconstructing Memes, is effective in treating major depressive disorder.Discussion and conclusion: The results of this study showed that memetic psychology, as a sub-branch of cultural evolution, can have appropriate explanatory power in how mental disorders arise and persist. Therefore, given the positive effect of techniques based on memetic psychology in the present study, this study was able to create a basis for developing protocols based on memetic psychology in the future. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4938.html Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease linked to heightened stress levels and a substantial negative impact on patients' quality of life and their ability to tolerate distress. The purpose of this study was to comparison of the comparing effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and compassion-focused therapy on quality of life in women with psoriasis.Method: This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up 2 month. The statistical population of the research was all women with psoriasis who referred to the dermatology clinics of Tehran city in autumn of year 2024. Then the number of 45 women patients diagnosed by a physician were randomly divided into two groups, including an cognitive-behavioral therapy group (15 women), compassion-focused therapy group (15 women) and a control group (15 women). Then the first experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90 minute cognitive-behavioral therapy and the second experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 90 minute of compassion-focused therapy. To collect data Dermatology life quality index (DLQI) of Finlay and Khan (1994). Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test was used for data analysis. The data analysis software was SPSS version 28.Results: The results showed that both interventions had a significant effect on quality of life (P<0.05). In addition, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that compassion-focused therapy is more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy on quality of life (P<0.05).Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that cognitive-behavioral therapy and compassion-focused therapy can be used as a treatment method to on quality of life in women with psoriasis and priority of use in in increase quality of life women with psoriasis is with compassion-focused therapy. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4926.html Introduction: One of the important health problems of women that can affect their performance in various fields is premenstrual syndrome. This syndrome usually begins before menstruation and includes a set of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. Given the significant importance of this syndrome in women's quality of life, the aim of the present study is to investigate the mediating role of affective mentalization in the relationship between childhood trauma and perceived stress with premenstrual syndrome.Method: The present study was descriptive and of the modeling type. the statistical population included all female students of the universities of Tehran, Karaj, and Urmia, and the research sample was 260 students who were selected through convenience sampling. Participants responded to the Bernstein et al. (2003) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), Cohen et al. (1983) Perceived Stress (PSS), Premenstrual Syndrome Screening (PSST), and Greenberg et al. (2021) Brief-Mentalized Affectivity Scale (B-MAS). data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and PLS-3 software.Results: The results of the data analysis showed that childhood trauma and perceived stress had a positive and significant relationship with premenstrual syndrome. Also There is a negative and significant relationship between childhood trauma and perceived stress with affective mentalization, and between affective mentalization and premenstrual syndrome. Finally, affective mentalization played a mediating role in this relationship.Discussion and conclusion: It is suggested that psychologists, psychiatrists, and obstetricians and gynecologists should favorable supportive relationship relationship with people with premenstrual syndrome and avoid creating additional stress in them https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5025.html Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in reducing negative affect and mood swings among menopausal women.Method: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design and a control group. The study population included menopausal women referred to the Health Network of District 4 in Tehran. Thirty volunteers were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The mean age of participants was 51.3 years. The experimental group received eight sessions of group MBSR training. Data were collected using the Negative Affect and Mood Swings questionnaires, completed at three time points. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance.Results: The results indicated that MBSR training significantly reduced negative affect and mood swings in the experimental group compared to the control group at both posttest and follow-up stages (P < 0.05). The mean negative effect score in the experimental group decreased from 38.2 at pretest to 29.9 at posttest and 29.2 at follow-up, while no significant change was observed in the control group. The mean mood swings score in the experimental group also decreased from 50.0 to 41.6 and then to 41.0, with no substantial change in the control group. The intervention effects remained stable at the three-month follow-up.Discussion and conclusion: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction can be considered an effective psychological intervention for improving negative affect and mood swings in menopausal women. It is recommended that this approach be emphasized in mental health promotion programs for women during menopause. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4765.html Introduction: Positive effects of teacher-student relationships have been widely documented. However, fewer studies have explored the determinants of teacher-student relationships. This research aims to analyze the psychometric characteristics of the Farsi version of the Compassionate Love Scale for teachers– as a possible determinant of teacher-student relationships whose role has not yet been investigated.Method: In this correlational study, 336 students (233 female and 103 male) who were selected using the convenience sampling method, were answered the Compassionate Love Scale for Teachers (CLST) (Virat et al., 2020) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire- Teacher Version (PCQ-TV) ( Luthans et al., 2007).Results: The results of the principal components analysis showed that the measurement model of compassionate love scale for teachers consists of five factors: sacrifice, sensitivity, loving feelings, caring and empathy. In addition, the results related to the correlation between multiple dimensions of compassionate love with aspects of psychological capital including self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism also supported the convergent validity of the scale. Finally, in this research, the internal consistency coefficients of the subscales of sacrifice, sensitivity, loving feelings, caring and empathy were obtained as 0.80, 0.74, 0.80, 0.76 and 0.76, respectively.Discussion and conclusion: In sum, the results of this research, on the one hand, by emphasizing the multifaceted nature of the structure of compassionate friendship, supported the underlying theoretical origin of that concept among teachers, and on the other hand, the correlation of that existing structure with the dimensions of teachers' psychological capital showed that the enrichment of teachers' psychological capital is considered one of the important correlates of compassionate friendship- as an individual determination to create professional ethics in teachers. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4753.html Introduction: Emotion regulation plays an important role in affective functioning. One of the most used tools for measuring emotion regulation strategies is the emotion regulation questionnaire, which measures the two strategies of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. This research was conducted with the aim of psychometric analysis of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire- Short Form.Method: In this descriptive survey research, 322 undergraduate students of Esfahan University (166 men and 156 women) were selected using available sampling method. Students responded to the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (Preece, Petrova, Mehta & Gross, 2023), the Emotion Cognition Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001) and the Stress Appraisal Measure (Rowley, Roesch, Jurica & Vaughn, 2005).Results: While Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the 2-factor structure of the ERQ-S, a multi-group CFA supported the structure as invariant across genders. Besides, the Cronbach's alpha result showed that the scales was internally consistent. Also, the results related to the correlation between strategies of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression with cognitive appraisals and with adaptive/maladaptive emotion cognitive regulation strategies provided sufficient evidence in defense of the criterion and concurrent validity of the ERQ-S, respectively.Discussion and conclusion: In sum, the findings of this research, consistent with the original version of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, emphasized the sound of the underlying theoretical foundation of this questionnaire and its cross-gender technical adequacy through the repetition of the factor structure consisting of the two dimensions of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4946.html Introduction: Adolescents and young adults are always looking for acceptance from others and their approval, and at the same time show signs of narcissism. The aim of this study was to construct and validate the Self-Affirmation Scale (SAS) in male and female students of Bu-Ali Sina University.Method: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of methodology. 100 students were selected by available sampling method and answered Self-Affirmation and Narcissistic Personality (Ames et al., 2006) questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, exploratory factor analysis, and one-way analysis of variance using SPSS-25 software.Results: The findings showed that the self-affirmation scale measures five factors including physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and moral. By Cronbach's alpha method the reliability of this tool was obtained 0.89. The correlation between self-affirmation and narcissism was positive and significant (r = 0.305, P > 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between male and female students in terms of self-affirmation (P < 0.05) and non-significant difference in terms of narcissism (P < 0.05).Discussion and conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, considering the psychometric indicators of the self-affirmation scale, it can be said that this scale is an appropriate and valid instrument for examining self-affirmation. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5027.html In contemporary clinical psychology, we are witnessing the development and expansion of treatment protocols grounded in diverse theoretical orientations. Once a therapeutic program is published, the inclination toward its utilization tends to increase. In recipient countries, the proposed program is translated and subsequently either implemented directly in clinical practice or employed within clinical research contexts.However, a fundamental question occupies the minds of professionals: can a given therapeutic program be directly translated and immediately applied? A parallel concern has long been raised regarding psychological assessment instruments—namely, whether the mere translation of a questionnaire permits its direct use in a new cultural context, or whether psychometric investigations constitute a necessary prerequisite for subsequent steps. Within psychological science, establishing the psychometric properties of assessment tools is a prerequisite prior to their application.In line with this reasoning, and drawing on analogous processes established for psychological instruments, a framework has been articulated in psychology to delineate the pathway through which a therapeutic protocol enters a new cultural context. This framework is referred to as Feasibility. Although the concept of feasibility is defined differently across scientific disciplines, in clinical psychology, feasibility studies are commonly conceptualized as small-scale, planned evaluations of interventions, addressing a central question: “Does the intervention work in a small sample?” Once this initial step is accomplished, subsequent research may progress toward studies conducted on a larger scale, such as full-scale Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs).From a scientific standpoint, what process must a therapeutic program undergo when introduced into a new cultural context? While some consider translation alone sufficient for the application of a therapeutic program in a different culture, specialists emphasize a systematic scientific process—either following the development of a new program or preceding its implementation—that enables its inclusion in broader scientific research. Such research, in turn, lays the groundwork for the program’s application within clinical settings.The rationale for dedicating this special section of the journal to the present topic is to delineate this process. Accordingly, four articles are presented in continuation of this editorial note. The first article addresses the conceptual foundations of feasibility within psychology. The second article focuses on the need for instruments designed for the preliminary assessment of feasibility, tracing the development of such tools from initial construction through validation, and ultimately presenting instruments aligned with established scientific models of feasibility for use by researchers. Subsequently, the third and fourth articles examine the preliminary feasibility of two therapeutic programs. The third article presents the initial feasibility of a newly developed protocol, whereas the fourth investigates the preliminary feasibility of a translated protocol. The inclusion of two empirical articles reflects the distinction between developed and translated protocols. It is hoped that the contributions within this special section will help illuminate a clear scientific pathway for professionals in clinical psychology. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4984.html Evidence-based interventions must undergo rigorous feasibility assessments after being designed and introduced to the scientific community in the health system. The judgment about their feasibility conforms, to some extent, to a basis to select new interventions as the first step. Feasibility studies seek to answer whether the intervention works in a small sample. If the answer is positive, the research progresses towards a full-scale study, such as a randomized controlled trial. The present article intends to refer to this concept by looking at the origin of feasibility studies and their place in psychology. It will then outline the necessity of conducting feasibility studies by considering their various components, the objectives of these studies, the importance of cultural differences, in an operational manner, and the steps to conduct a feasibility study. Just as psychometric properties of psychological testing instruments need to be studied when they are introduced into a new culture, a new psychotherapy program will need to overcome the methodological bottleneck of a feasibility study to be applied in its target culture to determine its suitability for expansion into the new context. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4985.html Introduction: In a new culture, implementing treatment initially requires assessing and confirming the feasibility programs. Given the importance of feasibility in the expansion of psychotherapy programs, the present study aimed to develop and content validate the feasibility questionnaires from the perspectives of experts, therapist/clinician, patients (and in the case of children and adolescents, patients’ parents).Method: The present study followed a descriptive-survey design. After searching the literature on the concept of feasibility and developing 4 versions of the feasibility questionnaire from the perspectives of experts, therapist/clinician, patients, and patients’ parents (in the case of children and adolescents), the content validity of the questionnaires was determined according to the opinions of 10 experts by calculating the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) among psychologists who were at least doctoral students and had clinical experience of at least 5 years, selected based on a purposive sampling method.Results: By removing unacceptable items, the content validity of the final version of the general feasibility questionnaire for experts was confirmed with 29 items by removing 9 items, the session-by-session feasibility questionnaire with 18 items by removing 4 items, the parent feasibility questionnaire with 15 items by removing 2 items, and the patients (child) feasibility questionnaire with the same 12 items without removing any items.Discussion and conclusion: Despite the accessibility of similar feasibility tools, the present study attempted to present, for the first time, a coherent set of questionnaires for assessing the feasibility of therapeutic interventions, while paying attention to the greatest possible content comprehensiveness, focusing on the perspectives of different audiences such as experts, clinicians, patients, and in the case of children and adolescents, patients’ parents. In addition to adaptability to therapeutic programs, these questionnaires are able to assess the feasibility with respect to other programs. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4987.html Introduction: Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders for which protocols have been developed and applied in accordance with theoretical perspectives focused on these disorders. Since the first step in implementing new interventions in a context is based on judging their feasibility, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of Norton's transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety disorders in Iranian samples.Method: The present study was conducted in the first step following a Delphi design and the second step within a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, follow-up phases, and waiting list. In this way, 9 experts completed a feasibility questionnaire before starting the group therapy by reading the detailed protocol summary. In addition, the protocol therapist evaluated the protocol in terms of feasibility criteria at the end of each session, and every 8 patients in the group therapy group also presented their views on the feasibility criteria of this protocol at the end of the treatment.Results: The protocol's feasibility was generally deemed appropriate by examining all feasibility categories from the viewpoints of experts, the protocol therapist, and patients participating in the treatment process. All components were obtained “relative” from the perspective of experts, therapist, and patients, considering the Content Validity Index (CVI) for the dimensions and components of feasibility.Discussion and conclusion: Norton transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety disorders seems feasible in Iranian samples from the perspective of experts in Iranian society, the therapist providing this protocol, and the patients undergoing the treatment period. This finding paves the way for further investigations to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of this treatment program within the framework of large-scale trials. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4986.html Introduction: Genito-pelvic pain disorder is one of the sexual dysfunctions associated with penetration that reduces the couple's sexual performance and satisfaction, required to psychological interventions and therapeutic programs have been designed to recover it. The present study aimed to determine the feasibility of a developed couple-based cognitive behavioral therapy program in reducing pain and fear, increasing sexual performance and satisfaction in women with vaginismus and their partners.Method: The present study was conducted in the first stage following a Delphi design and the second stage in a single-case design. Thus, 7 experts completed a feasibility questionnaire by reading the detailed protocol summary before starting the therapy sessions. In addition, the protocol therapist evaluated the protocol in terms of feasibility criteria at the end of each session, and each of the 6 people (3 couples) under treatment also presented their views on the feasibility criteria of this protocol at the end of the treatment.Results: The experts evaluated the feasibility of the program from the dimensions of the appropriate situation and necessity. Experts considered the feasibility of the program “much” in the areas of acceptability, practicality, adaptation, and expansion, and “moderate” feasible in the areas of demand, ​​implementation, and integration, which means it required a more detailed evaluation. In the second stage performed during the course of developed couple-based cognitive behavioral therapy program, the therapist evaluated the feasibility of the program “much” in the areas of acceptability, demand, practicality, and adaptation, and “moderate” in the implementation. Patients described the feasibility of the program as “much” in the components implementation, and practicality, and “moderate” in the acceptability.Discussion and conclusion: The developed cognitive-behavioral therapy program based on couple participation has indicated relatively appropriate feasibility according to the opinions of experts, patients, and therapist. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4855.html Introduction: Love is regarded as one of the most fundamental human experiences, and the failure of romantic relationships can It has significant effects on various aspects of human health.This study aimed to investigate the structural model of the relationship between love trauma syndrome and childhood abuse experiences with the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas.Method: The present study employed a correlational research design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all students at Urmia University during the 2024–2025 academic year. A sample of 420 students was selected through a multistage cluster sampling method from different faculties. Participants completed the Bernstein Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form (YSQ-SF), and the Ross Love Trauma Syndrome (LTI). Data were analyzed using method structural equation modeling with SPSS-27 and SmartPLS-4.Results: The findings showed that childhood abuse experiences have a direct and significant effect on the experience of love trauma syndrome, and early maladaptive schemas have a mediating role (P<0.05). In fact, the effects of childhood trauma are exerted on the experience of love trauma symptoms through early maladaptive schemas.Discussion and conclusion: The findings emphasize the necessity for mental health professionals to focus on the underlying factors contributing to love trauma symptoms, particularly childhood trauma and early maladaptive schemas, and it is suggested that by designing innovative interventions and appropriate skill-based training, students’ adaptive capacity in experiencing Romantic breakup be enhanced. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4921.html Introduction and Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most disabling psychological disorders that is accompanied by intrusive thoughts, disturbing mental images, and persistent doubts, and seriously damages the health of individuals in various aspects. For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate the structural model of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on traumatic childhood experiences, cognitive fusion, and tolerance of ambiguity: the mediating role of fear of guilt.Method: The present study was a descriptive-correlation structural equation study in terms of methodology, in which 312 students were selected from all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the academic year 2024-2025. The data collection tools were the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Inventory (PI_WSUR); the Childhood Traumatic Experiences Questionnaire (CTQ) and Cognitive Fusion (CFQ), and the Tolerance of Ambiguity Scales (MSTATS) and Fear of Guilt (FOGS). The analysis of the obtained data was the mean and standard deviation at the descriptive level and the Pearson correlation tests and structural equation model at the inferential level using SPSS-27 and AMOS-24 software.Results: The findings of the study showed that the conceptual model had a good fit (χ2/df=1.3, RMSEA=0.08, SRMR=0.07, GFI=0.91, AGFI=0.90, CFI=0.91) and fear of guilt played a significant mediating role in the relationship between cognitive fusion (β=0.16 and p<0.05) and tolerance of ambiguity with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (β=-0.08 and p<0.05), but it did not play a mediating role in the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (β=0.03 and p<0.05).Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, traumatic childhood experiences, cognitive fusion, and fear of guilt can be named as the main factors in the occurrence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and they can be used to design educational-therapeutic protocols. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4945.html Introduction: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on the mental health and marital satisfaction of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in 2024.Method: This quasi-experimental study followed a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research sample consisted of 30 mothers of children with autism who attended counseling centers in Shiraz. They were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). During the pre-test phase, all participants completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) by Goldberg (1972) and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (2000). The experimental group then participated in an emotion regulation training program consisting of ten weekly sessions, while the control group remained on a waitlist. After the intervention phase, both groups completed the same questionnaires as a post-test. The study's findings were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.Results: The results obtained from the multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that the training sessions had an effect on the mental health and marital satisfaction of mothers of children with autism (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the findings showed that the mental health and marital satisfaction of mothers of children with autism in the control group were significantly lower than those of mothers in the experimental group (p < 0.01).Discussion and conclusion: Given the effectiveness of this training program in promoting mental well-being and marital satisfaction in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it can be utilized as a psychological intervention. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4962.html Background and purpose: There is a bilateral relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and psychological components, leading to exacerbation of psychological, physical, and spiritual symptoms, given that polycystic ovary syndrome has physical, psychological and spiritual symptoms, and integrated treatment. The effectiveness of integrated intervention of body-rational-meaning on quality of life, psychological distress, and uncertainty intolerance of uncertainty in women with PCOS.Methods: The present study design is a type of semi-experimental study in the pre-test and post-test, the target population of patients with polycystic syndrome disorder, which was selected targeting 40 people and was randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control. Then, after completing the pre-test, 8 sessions of body-integrity-integrity were performed individually for 45 minutes for the intervention group. Then the follow-up and after a month of follow-up. Data were collected using the quality of life Questionnaire, Psychological System Questionnaire and the uncertain intolerance questionnaire and entered into SPSS-22 software and analyzed using repeated measurements using variance analysis.Results: The results of between-group analysis of variance show that quality of life (p<0.001; F1,38=317.75, with an Itay coefficient of 92 percent); intolerance of uncertainty (p<0.001; F1,38=45.77, with an Itay coefficient of 77 percent); anxiety (p<0.001; F1,38=34.73, with an Itay coefficient of 55 percent); depression (p<0.001; F1,38=62.11, with an Itay coefficient of 68 percent) and stress (p<0.001; F1,38=63.24, with an Itay coefficient of 69 percent) improved in the experimental group compared to the control group, which indicates the effectiveness of integrative treatment.Discussion and Conclusion: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a multifunctional disease that the present study showed that psychological issues can be greatly reduced by using psychotherapy approaches. These findings highlight the importance of integrating such interventions into standard PCOS treatment protocols as a complement to conventional medical treatments https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4967.html Introduction: Previous studies have confirmed the protective role of spirituality in suicide prevention., however, the effective psychological mechanisms require more precise investigation. The present applied research aimed to investigate the role of meaning in life as a predictor of suicide probability in adolescents, examining the potential mediating roles of resilience and cognitive emotion regulation.Method: The statistical population in this descriptive-correlational study, included all female high school students studying in Qom city during the academic year 2022-2023, from whom 390 individuals were selected as the statistical sample through a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the Suicide Probability Scale, the Steger et al.'s Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results: Statistical data analysis with SPSS version 26 and AMOS showed that the predictor variables explained 75% of the variance in suicide probability. The direct effect of meaning in life on suicide probability was strong and negative (β = −0.52). The indirect effect of meaning in life through resilience (β = −0.095) and through the maladaptive emotion-regulation strategy (β = −0.321) was also found to be negative and significant. In addition, the only significant indirect effect for meaning-seeking was its pathway through the maladaptive emotion-regulation strategy (β = 0.108). Discussion and conclusion: The results highlight the important role of life meaning and resilience in suicide prevention. The findings can be applied in designing practical interventions aimed at promoting spiritual growth and enhancing resilience to prevent suicide. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4975.html Introduction: The main purpose of the present study is to determine the role of the dark triad traits of personality, competitiveness and moral intelligence in students' schadenfreude using the descriptive-correlational research method.Method: The statistical population of the study included the students of Meshgin Shahr universities in the academic year of 2022-2023 in the number of 2520 people, of which 200 people were determined as a sample and were selected by quota sampling method. Jenison and Wister's dark triad traits of personality (2010), Franken's competitiveness (1995), Lenik and Kiel's moral intelligence (2005) and Yeganeh et al.'s schadenfreude (2023) questionnaires were used to collect information. The collected data was analyzed in Spss-24 software and using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression testsResults: The results obtained from this study showed schadenfreude in students with narcissism (r= 0.378), antisocial behavior (r= 0.406), competitiveness (r= 0.260) and moral intelligence (r= - 0.260) has a relationship (p < 0.05). Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that moral intelligence (β = -0.268), competitiveness (β = 0.254) and antisociality (β = 0.234) played the greatest role in predicting students' happiness (p < 0.05).Discussion and conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that the three dark traits of personality, competitiveness and moral intelligence are among the most important predictors of schadenfreude in students, which should be considered in treatment and assistance programs https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_4998.html Introduction: The concept of self-construal, defined as an individual’s perception of the self in relation to others, represents a fundamental construct in cultural psychology. The Self-Construal Scale (SCS), comprising two subscales of independence and interdependence, assesses different dimensions of this construct. Given the central role of self-construal in psychology and the limited availability of validated Persian instruments for its assessment, the present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the SCS among university students.Method: A total of 507 students from the University of Tehran were selected through convenience sampling and completed the Persian version of the Self-Construal Scale (SCS), along with the Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood Scale (TIV) and the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and R version 4.5.1.Results: The findings supported the two-factor model proposed by Markus and Kitayama, with fit indices indicating an acceptable model fit. Three items were removed due to low factor loadings, resulting in a 21-item Persian version of the scale. The average variance extracted and composite reliability values demonstrated acceptable convergent validity. Correlations between the SCS, the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), and the Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood Scale (TIV) provided evidence for concurrent validity. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.703, confirming the reliability and suitability of the Persian version of the SCS for use in Iranian samples.Discussion and conclusion: The Persian version of the Self-Construal Scale demonstrated a clear two-factor structure and satisfactory psychometric properties within the Iranian context, supporting its applicability in both cultural and clinical research. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5024.html Extended Abstract (4 Pages)IntroductionSelf-connection is a concept introduced by Klossman and colleagues that focuses on the connection with one’s inner self. It consists of three interrelated components:1. Self-Awareness: Recognizing how one thinks, feels, and behaves, along with an understanding of personal values, goals, and priorities. This involves paying attention to one’s internal states, preferences, resources, and intuitions over time.2. Self-Acceptance: Unconditionally embracing the content revealed by self-awareness, including internal states and values. Without acceptance, awareness alone may be ineffective or even harmful, as it can leave a person misaligned with their inner truths.3. self-alignment: Ensuring that one’s actions are consistent with the self-awareness and self-acceptance one has achieved. When behavior aligns with the inner self, psychological needs are met and cognitive dissonance is minimized.The construct of self- connection is distinguished from related concepts like authenticity, mindfulness, and self-compassion. Although authenticity involves acting in accordance with one’s true self, it primarily concerns external expression. Similarly, while mindfulness emphasizes non-judgmental awareness, it does not necessarily include the aspect of self-alignment; and self-compassion focuses on caring for oneself during hardships rather than on deep self-exploration.Research shows that levels of self- connection are linked to mental health outcomes, with lower self- connection associated with higher anxiety and depression, and reduced well-being. Recognizing its unique dimensions, Klossman and colleagues developed a dedicated 12-item scale in 2022. Since a Persian version of this scale is not yet available, the present study aims to translate it into Persian and assess its psychometric properties in the Iranian population.MethodThe present cross-sectional psychometric study evaluated the properties of the Self‑Connection Scale. Initially, after translating the original version into Persian using a forward–backward method, face validity was assessed by 5 expert psychologists/counselors (each with at least 5 years of relevant experience) and 10 laypersons from the target population. Their feedback on clarity and comprehensibility led to necessary revisions. Subsequently, content validity was examined by calculating the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) based on the opinions of 10 experts, with values ranging from 0.65 to 1.00 and 0.82 to 1.00 respectively, confirming acceptable content validity.For further evaluation of criterion validity, construct validity, and reliability, sampling was conducted from the target population—comprising all residents over 18 years old in Isfahan during Spring 2024. A sample of 128 participants (with at least 10 individuals per item of the scale) was selected by randomly choosing four busy parks and recruiting 30–40 individuals from each. Inclusion criteria were fluency in Persian, basic literacy, and a minimum age of 18, while questionnaires with more than 10% missing responses were excluded. The study instrument includes: (1) Pesian version of Self‑Connection Scale (SCS-P), (2) Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), (3) Short Form of the Self‑Compassion Scale (SCS-SF), AND (4) Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ).Results (300-350)To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Self‑Connection Scale, a sample of 128 participants was selected. Among them, 71 (55.5%) were women and 57 (44.5%) were men; 67 (52.3%) were single while 61 (47.7%) were married. Educational levels varied: 18.8% had up to a high school diploma, 61.7% held an associate’s or bachelor’s degree, and 19.5% possessed a master’s degree or higher. Their ages ranged from 20 to 50 years (34.35±8.38), with approximately one‐third in each of the 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 age groups. Participants’ scores were reported as follows: on the SCS‑P, scores ranged from 42 to 84 (89.60±55.10); on the FFMQ, from 86 to 170 (129.30±98.18); on the SCS‑SF, from 14 to 60 (97.38± 72.8); and on the MLQ, from 21 to 69 (52.52±01.10).For concurrent validity, Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed significant positive relationships between the self‑awareness subscale and the FFMQ (r=0.491, p<0.01), between the self‑acceptance subscale and the SCS‑SF (r=0.459, p<0.01), and between the self-alignment subscale and the MLQ (r=0.308, p<0.01), thereby confirming the SCS‑P’s concurrent validity.Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The initial model did not fit well. After modifying the model by adding covariances between items 1 and 4, 9 and 11, and 10 and 12, fit indices improved: the χ²/df ratio was 1.984, RMSEA reached 0.088, IFI was 0.900, and RMR was 0.197—all acceptable. Indices such as GFI (0.890), NFI (0.817), CFI (0.896), TLI (0.857), and RFI (0.749) approached acceptable levels. Lower AIC and BIC values in the modified model further indicated a better fit. Although not all indices fully met the cutoff points, overall model fit improved, with all factor loadings exceeding 0.40 and statistically significant (p<0.05), as illustrated in Figure 1.Figure 1: Standardized Coefficients of Modified ModelInternal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, yielding 0.817 for the overall scale, 0.767 for the self‑awareness subscale, 0.682 for the self‑acceptance subscale, and 0.738 for the self-alignment subscale—all within acceptable ranges. Finally, split‑half reliability was evaluated by dividing the items into two halves (odd‑numbered versus even‑numbered). The Spearman–Brown coefficients indicated satisfactory split‑half reliability: 0.879 for the total scale, 0.766 for the self‑awareness subscale, 0.781 for the self‑acceptance subscale, and 0.818 for the self-alignment subscale.ConclusionSelf‑contact is a novel construct that has garnered significant attention from researchers. This study translated the 12‑item Self‑Contact Scale and examined its psychometric properties, thereby providing a validated tool for assessing this construct. The findings confirmed the scale’s face, content, criterion, and construct validity, as well as its reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the existence of three factors: self‑awareness, acceptance of that awareness, and self-alignment with that awareness. Further research with a more diverse population is recommended to enhance the tool’s validity, and additional studies should explore the relationship between self‑contact and related constructs in mental health and psychological disorders to clarify its role in well‑being and associated challenges.Ethical ConsiderationCompliance with Ethical GuidelinesThe proposal for this study was approved on Apr. 17, 2024 and for its conduct, the code of ethics number IR.USWR.REC.1403.104 was received on Aug. 17, 2024 from the Ethics Committee of the University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, Tehran, Iran. In the study process, the ethical principles of authority, independence, and confidentiality regarding the subjects were considered. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants to enter the study, and their participation in the study was voluntary. They were also assured that their information would remain confidential. Before submitting the questionnaires, the participants were also given the necessary information about the purpose and method of the study.Conflict of InterestAccording to the authors, there were no conflicts of interest.Author’s ContributionConceptualization: Dr. Bahman Bahmani and Seyed Amirhossein Ahmadi; Methodology: All authors; Investigation: Seyed Amirhossein Ahmadi; Statistical Analysis: Dr. Razieh Bidahandi Yarandi and Seyed Mohsen Kheirkhah Alavi; Writing, Review, and Editing: All authorsFundingThis article is extracted from the results of the master's thesis in rehabilitation counseling of the first author at the Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, Tehran, Iran, and has not received any financial support.AcknowledgementsThe researchers extend their heartfelt thanks and appreciation to everyone involved in this study, especially the participants. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5026.html Introduction:The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of self-compassion training and cognitive restructuring training on the self-efficacy of students with test anxiety.Method:This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control and follow-up group. The statistical population was male high school students in Rashtkhar in the academic year 2024-2025, of whom 45 were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 people, including two experimental groups and a control group. The research instruments included the Friedman Test Anxiety Scale (1997) and the Scherrer General Self-Efficacy Scale (1982), and the experimental groups underwent 8 separate 60-minute sessions of self-compassion and cognitive restructuring training, while the control group did not receive training. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test.Results:The results indicated the effectiveness of both self-compassion and cognitive restructuring methods on students' self-efficacy (P<0.001). In this way, both approaches increased students' self-efficacy. And the effectiveness of self-compassion training was greater than cognitive restructuring training both in the post-test and in the follow-up period (P<0.05).Discussion and Conclusion:In general, the results indicated that both of these therapeutic approaches can be effective in increasing students' self-efficacy and can be used as two effective methods in empowering students. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5045.html ABSTRACTIntroduction: Adolescent aggression, by reinforcing maladaptive defense styles, disrupts normal developmental pathways. Considering the role of the olfactory system in cognitive-emotional processing, utilizing innovative combined interventions to further improve defensive functioning deserves attention. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of adding olfactory training to Davanloo's Dynamic Psychotherapy on defense styles in Aggressive Adolescents.Methods: This study employed a comparative single-case experimental design with a parallel treatment design. The study population consisted of all aggressive adolescent boys in Juybar County during the 2024-2025 academic year, from which 8 participants with a mean age of 14.37 and an aggression score above 78 were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two intervention groups. Data collection was conducted using the Aggression Questionnaire and the Defense Style Questionnaire. Both groups received 13 sessions of Davanloo's Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP)-based emotional interventions, with the key distinction that the second group additionally received complementary olfactory training.Results: Based on the Reliable Change Index (RCI ≥ 1.96), Davanloo's Dynamic Psychotherapy showed statistically significant effects on mature, immature, and neurotic defense styles in the first group, though these improvements were not clinically significant for any of them. However, the addition of olfactory training to these interventions in the second group resulted in improvements in defense styles that were both statistically and clinically significant.Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, adding olfactory training to Davanloo's Dynamic Psychotherapy improves defense mechanisms in aggressive adolescents by facilitating functional connections between olfactory pathways and emotional centers. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5046.html Introduction:The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of mindfulness-based therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Method:The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included female patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder who referred to the Neurology Clinic of Ibn Sina Hospital in Mashhad in 2024. After screening and initial diagnosis, 45 people were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 people, including two experimental groups and a control group. The Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Questionnaire (OCI-R) was used to collect data. The experimental groups were separately subjected to mindfulness-based therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for 8 90-minute sessions, once a week. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Ben Feroni post hoc test.Results:The results showed that obsessive-compulsive symptoms decreased in both mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral groups from pre-test to post-test and to follow-up (P<0.001), and this effect was greater in the mindfulness group. Discussion and Conclusion:In general, the results indicated that both of these treatment approaches can be effective in reducing patients' obsessive-compulsive symptoms and have an effective role in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5051.html Introduction: vaginismus is one of the most common sexual disorders in women, which endangers women's sexual activities and issues. Consequently The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of integrated cognitive behavior based acceptance and commitment therapy (CBT-ACT) on sexual function and self steem of women with vaginismus in Mashhad.The method of this study was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. For this purpose, from among all women with vaginismus referring to gynecologists' offices and psychological service clinics in Mashhad, based on purposive sampling, 30 women with vaginismus were selected based on the diagnosis of a gynecologist and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The intervention was implemented in a group manner in 12 sessions on the experimental group. The instruments used in the study were the Rosen Female Sexual Function Questionnaire (FSFI) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSES), which individuals answered questions in the pre-test and post-test stages. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.Results: Analysis of the results showed that CBT-ACT intervention is effective in improving sexual function (P<0/01) and promoting self-steem (P<0/001) in women with vaginismus.Discussion and Conclusion: CBT-ACT treatment can be effective as a flexible and practical therapeutic intervention in the treatment of sexual disorders, especially vaginismus. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5052.html IntroductionAccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder [1] that represents one of the most disabling chronic disorders of childhood [2, 3 ]and is characterized by abnormalities in social interactions, restricted interests, communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors [4]. The behavioral and interactional challenges observed in individuals with autism are attributed to impairments in perceptual processing, as these individuals may not perceive or interpret sensory information in the same way as typical individuals. These core characteristics often result in limited opportunities for interaction and communication for individuals with autism, which hinders their learning and development [5]. In addition to the difficulties experienced by children with autism, parents of children with autism, especially mothers, may face unique challenges and demands in caring for their child, which can affect their psychological well-being [6, 7, 8]. Furthermore, the challenges faced by mothers of children with autism are not understood by those around them, which increases their parenting difficulties. This affects their mental toughness, as welfare and rehabilitation centers prioritize the well-being of children over that of mothers [10. mental toughness has been defined as a stable characteristic that enables individuals to face and cope with a variety of physical, mental, and emotional stresses, allowing them to achieve an optimal level of functioning [11]. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural model of mental toughness based on emotional creativity with the mediating role of rumination in mothers of adolescents with autism. MethodThe present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population consisted of mothers of adolescents with autism in the winter of 2025. According to Kline [38], the minimum required sample size is 200. Therefore, in the present study, a sample size of 460 individuals was selected based on Klein's suggestion. After referring to psychology and medical service centers in Tehran, 460 mothers whose adolescent children had been diagnosed with autism and who were willing to participate in the study answered the questions within a 2-week period, of which 100 responses were identified as outliers or missing. Consequently, the analysis was conducted on 360 individuals. Informed consent to answer the questions, along with the mothers' lack of acute and chronic psychological problems based on their own reports, were the inclusion criteria for the study, while insufficient cooperation and failure to complete the research questionnaires were the exclusion criteria. Using the Gilliam autism rating scale-3 [39], mental toughness questionnairel [42], Emotional Creativity Inventory [48] and Ruminative Response Scale ( [52]. To measure the research variables, mean and standard deviation were used at the descriptive level. At the inferential level, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to examine the relationships between variables. The data analysis software was SPSS version 29 and AMOS version 29.Results In this study, 460 people answered the questionnaires, and 100 of them were identified as outliers or missing. Therefore, the analysis was conducted on 360 people. The results showed direct effect of emotional creativity (β=0.53 and sig=0.001) and rumination (β= - 0.73 and sig=0.001) on mental toughness are significant. The results also showed that rumination has a significant mediating role in the relationship between emotional creativity (β= -0.57 and sig=0.001) with mental toughness. Also, the final research model had a good fit (RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.03, p<0.05) and 83% of the variance of mental toughness is explained. Table 1 shows the fit indices of the research model.Table 1: fit indicators of the research modelMeasure Threshold acceptable valueCMIN 137.17 -DF 62 -CMIN/DF 2.21 <3Sig 0/001 -RMSEA 0.06 <0.08PCLOSE 0.001 >0.90SRMR 0.03 <0.08CFI 0.92 >0.90AGFI 0.96 >0.90PCFI 0.67 >0.60PNFI 0.73 >0.60IFI 0.92 >0.90GFI 0.95 >0.90NFI 0.97 >0.90In this study, the parameter estimation method was the maximum likelihood method. Based on the results, the fit indices of the research model were all favorable and the root mean square approximation index should be below 0.08 [63, 64 and 65]. Also, the root mean square residual is defined as the difference between the observed correlation and the implicit correlation matrix of the model. This index allows the evaluation of the average magnitude of the differences between the observed and expected correlations as an absolute criterion of the fit criterion (model) [66]. If the value of the SRMR index is less than 0.08 [67], or according to other sources that have been mentioned, for the SRMR index, values less than 0.05 indicate good fit and values less than or equal to 10 indicate acceptable fit [65]. According to the results, the RMSEA index was equal to 0.06 and the root mean square residual (SRMR) was 0.03; therefore, it can be concluded that the model has a very good fit with the data and is appropriate. Also, the 95% confidence interval around the RMSEA index is between 0.048 and 0.057, which indicates a favorable state of model fit. Discussion and conclusion Finally, the results showed that rumination plays a mediating role in the relationship between emotional creativity and mental toughness of mothers of adolescents with autism. There is no research that has shown that rumination plays a mediating role in the relationship between emotional creativity and mental toughness of mothers of adolescents with autism. Therefore, the alignment and inconsistency of this result with the results of previous research is not clear. In explaining this result, it can be said that reading one's own emotions, like the emotions of others, requires awareness of these states and includes paying attention to the skill of recognizing different emotions by distinguishing different psychological experiences and using various word fragments to decode emotions [20]. Therefore, having emotional creativity helps mothers of adolescents with autism to adapt to situations and honestly express their experiences and understand their emotions and show more willingness to explore their emotions than others. This emotional creativity can help mothers of adolescents with autism to blame themselves less for their child's problems and to express less self-criticism. The less they blame themselves, the less they respond to negative events through rumination, and this less rumination makes them show better strength, resilience, and psychological stability in the face of the challenges of caring for a child with autism. Therefore, it is logical to say that rumination plays a mediating role in the relationship between emotional creativity and mental toughness of mothers of adolescents with autism.Ethical ConsiderationsCompliance with ethical guidelinesIn the present study, the ethical approval of research, including secrecy, confidentiality and privacy of individuals, were observed, and participation in the research did not cause any possible harm to the participants. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Se.C. Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran, approved the study (IR.IAU.SEMNAN.REC.1404.025).FundingThis study did not have any funds.Authors’ ContributionThis article is taken from the doctoral dissertation of the first author, and the following authors, as supervisors and advisors, perform the role of guidance and supervision for the proper conduct and implementation of the research.Conflict of interestNone to declareAcknowledgmentsWe thank and appreciate all the people and participants (mothers of adolescents with autism) who helped us in conducting this research. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5053.html AbstractResults: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the brain had a significant effect on impulsivity and working memory in adolescentswith attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. After controlling for the pre-test effect on post-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups at the 0.05 error level, indicating a decrease in impulsivity and improvement in working memory.Introduction: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that can alter cortical excitability by applying a weak electrical current to the scalp. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation of the brain on impulsivity and working memory in adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Method: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included adolescent clients of counseling centers in Yazd in 2024. The sample consisted of 30 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years diagnosed with ADHD, selected through convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). The research instruments included the N-back working memory test and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA) with SPSS version 25.Results: The results showed that transcranial direct current stimulation had a significant effect on impulsivity and working memory in adolescents with ADHD. After controlling for pretest scores, a significant difference was observed between the two groups, indicating a decrease in impulsivity and an improvement in working memory (Impulsivity: F(1,27)=53.21, p=0.001; Working Memory: F(1,27)=50.23, p=0.001). The effect size was η²=0.47 for impulsivity and η²=0.39 for working memory, demonstrating the strong impact of the intervention.Discussion and Conclusion: The findings indicate that transcranial direct current stimulation can effectively reduce impulsivity and enhance working memory in adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5054.html Introduction: Stress is one of the inevitable facts in today's life and the source of many physical and mental diseases. One of the types of stress is stress among students, which can reduce the efficiency of people. It seems necessary to have a reliable tool that can measure the stress level of students and be used in student counseling centers. Due to the lack of tools in this field, the purpose of this research is to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Student Stress Questionnaire (SSI) in Iran.Method: This research is a descriptive correlation study. The sample consists of 441 Iranian students who were selected by available sampling method and completed the Student Stress Questionnaire (SSI) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The validity of this questionnaire has been measured by convergent validity with the DASS-21 scale and confirmatory factor analysis, also internal consistency method (Cronbach's alpha) and binomialization have been used to evaluate its reliability.Result: The research findings showed that the internal consistency coefficient for the whole scale is 0/91 and the correlation between the two halves is 0/64 Convergent validity between SSI and DASS-21 questionnaires shows a correlation of 0/80, which is a strong and significant positive relationship; Also, the confirmatory factor analysis shows the good fit of the factor structure of this questionnaire.Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results of the research, the Persian version of the Student Stress Questionnaire (SSI) can be used as a valid and reliable tool to measure the stress level of students. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5069.html Introduction: The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is one of the most widely used self-report instruments for measuring stress. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the PSS-10 by employing a multi-method approach integrating five advanced techniques, including structural equation modeling, item response theory, exploratory graph analysis, network analysis, and machine learning.Methods: In this psychometric study, a convenience sample of 1278 students from Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, was recruited. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis models (CFA, ESEM, ESEM-within-CFA), item response theory models (GRM, GPCM, MPGCM), exploratory graph analysis (EGA), network analysis (including centrality indices), and the random forest algorithm. Key indices from each approach were integrated to rank items according to their performance, thereby identifying core, complementary, and revision-recommended items.Results: The ESEM-within-CFA model demonstrated excellent fit (RMSEA = .000; CFI = 1.00) and was selected as the final model. Independent analyses, including IRT (MGPCM), EGA, and network analysis, consistently supported a two-factor structure for the PSS-10 (Perceived Helplessness and Perceived Self-Efficacy). Based on the integrated ranking, items 10 and 2 were identified as core items; items 1, 3, 8, and 9 as complementary items; and items 4, 6, 7, and especially item 5 as requiring revision.Discussion and conclusion: The findings not only support the strong construct validity of the PSS-10 but also demonstrate that a multi-method approach is a powerful strategy for precisely identifying key items and optimizing psychometric instruments. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5112.html Introduction: Although contemporary approaches conceptualize mentalizing as a multidimensional construct, many available instruments assess only a limited range of its facets. The Multidimensional Mentalizing Questionnaire (MMQ) was developed to simultaneously capture both adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of mentalizing. However, critical reviews have highlighted that the conceptual distinction between the capacity/process of mentalizing and the outcomes of impaired mentalizing is not clearly articulated in the original MMQ structure. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the MMQ in a sample of Iranian university students and to revise its factor structure in order to achieve a clearer differentiation between mentalizing dimensions.Method: In this descriptive–correlational study, 248 students from universities in Isfahan were selected using convenience sampling. The Persian version of the MMQ was prepared through a forward–backward translation procedure. Face and content validity were examined using quantitative indices and qualitative feedback from expert reviewers. Three competing models—including the original six factor model, a five factor model, and a second order two factor model—were tested via confirmatory factor analysis using the diagonaly weighted least squares (DWLS) . Convergent validity was assessed through correlations with the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and discriminant validity was evaluated using the heterotrait–monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT). Internal consistency of the subscales was estimated using appropriate reliability indices.Results: Based on expert feedback, several items were revised and some were identified as potential candidates for removal. Nonetheless, in the first step, all items were tested within a six factor confirmatory model, which showed poor fit and suboptimal performance of the “Distrust” factor and several items. In the next step, integrating the evidence from the previous phases, nine items were removed and a five factor, 24 item model was tested, followed by a second order two factor structure comprising “Mentalizing Propensity” and “Impaired Mentalizing.” Although both models demonstrated acceptable fit, the evidence specifically supported the the second order two factor model for the Persian version of the MMQ. Indices of validity and reliability were also found to be satisfactory.Discussion and conclusion: The suboptimal statistical performance of the “Mistrust” factor, which effectively removed it from the nomological network of mentalizing, may indicate a misalignment between the original MMQ formulation and patterns of trust in the predominantly collectivistic Iranian cultural context. In contrast, reverse-scoring the “Ego Strength” factor and reallocating it to the “Mentalizing Impairment” cluster yielded a clearer differentiation between “mentalizing capacity/processes” and the outcomes of its failure. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_5231.html Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of alexithymia and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between attachment styles and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.Method: This study employed a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population consisted of Iranian adults over the age of 18 from both genders and various educational backgrounds, without a diagnosis of significant mental or physical illness in the year 2023. The sampling method was convenience sampling, and a total of 251 participants (60 men and 191 women) from a non-clinical setting took part in the study. The research instruments included the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through structural equation modeling (SEM). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 21 and AMOS version 22.Results: The results indicated that the research model demonstrated a good fit with the data. The direct path from attachment styles to obsessive-compulsive symptoms was not significant, whereas the direct paths from alexithymia and cognitive flexibility to obsessive-compulsive symptoms were significant. Additionally, the indirect effects of attachment styles on obsessive-compulsive symptoms through alexithymia and cognitive flexibility were also significant.Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results of this research, alexithymia and cognitive flexibility play important mediating roles in the relationship between attachment styles and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. It was suggested that psychological interventions should consider the effects of alexithymia and cognitive flexibility in understanding the process of development and manifestation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.