The causal relationships of biological-psychological factors with social anxiety

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Abstract

Introduction: according to the high prevalence of social anxiety disorder, the purpose of this study was to determine the structural relationships between social anxiety, in which the role of factors such as the sensitivity of the behavioral inhibition system, self-focused attention, negative self-perception, emotion dysregulation, and Anxiety sensitivity in a structural model was studied.
Method: The present study was correlational with a path analysis approach. The variables studied using the Watson Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms, Beck Self-Concept Test, woody Focus Point inventory, Difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and the Floyd Anxiety Sensitivity Scale. The sample included 408 (208 girls and 200 boys) students of the University of Tabriz.
Results: The results of path analysis indicated that there is a positive relationship between high sensitivity of behavioral inhibition system, self-focused attention, negative self-perception, emotion dysregulation, anxiety sensitivity and social anxiety. On the other hand, negative self-perception, Self-focused attention, emotion dysregulation and anxiety sensitivity as intermediary variables play a significant role in this model. The optimal fit of the observed model with the theoretical model suggests that these factors can significantly predict and explain social anxiety directly and indirectly.
Conclusion: Based on this, it can be concluded that reducing the social anxiety risk factor of psychological element and ignorance of biological and personality factors are Simplistic; therefore, it is logical in the processes of etiology and treatment, comprehensive approached should be determined.

Keywords


1- American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Menta Disorders (5th Ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
2- Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry62(6) .pp. 593-602.
3- Talepasand, S., & Nokani, M. (2010). Social phobia symptoms: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM)13(6).
4- Blair, K., Shaywitz, J., Smith, B. W., Rhodes, R., Geraci, M., Jones, M., & Pine, D. S. (2008). Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence for separate disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9) .pp. 1193–1202.
5- Hofmann, S. G., & Barlow, D. H. (2002). Social phobia (social anxiety disorder). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic2 .pp. 454-476.
6- Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy26(1) .pp. 153-161.
7- Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1) .pp. 3-21.
8- Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders. New York: Guilford.
9- Kimbrel, N. A. (2008). A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review28(4) .pp. 592-612.
10- Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampal system. New York: Oxford University Press.
11- LeDoux, J. (2002). The synaptic self: how our brains become who we are (New York: Viking Penguin). Trad. It. Il Sé sinaptico. Come il nostro cervello ci fa diventare quelli che siamo. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
12- Gray, J. A. (1994). Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder. In S. H. M. van Goozen, N. E. van de Poll, & J. Sergeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 29-59). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
13- Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M., Mathews, A., & Williams, R. (2003). Self-images play a causal role in social phobia. Behaviour research and therapy41(8) .pp.  909-921.
14- Hirsch, C. R., & Clark, D. M. (2004). Information-processing bias in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review24(7), 799-825.
15- Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Seeing yourself through others’ eyes: A study of spontaneous occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26 .pp.  3–12
16- مجدی، هادی؛ عطادخت، اکبر؛ حضرتی، شیوا؛ صبحی، قراملکی ناصر. (1398). مقایسه سیستم‌های مغزی / رفتاری و دشواری در تنظیم هیجان در دانشجویان با و بدون نشانگان بالینی اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی. روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت; ۱۷ (۱) :صص. ۱۶۵-۱۷۴
17- Norton, P. J., & Hope, D. A. (2001). Kernels of truth or distorted perceptions: Self and observer ratings of social anxiety and performance. Behavior Therapy32(4) .pp. 765-786.
18-Depue, R. A., & Iacono, W. G. (1989). Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 457–492.
19- Pickett, S. M., Lodis, C. S., Parkhill, M. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). Personality and experiential avoidance: a model of anxiety sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 53 .pp. 246–250.
20- Markarian, S. A., Pickett, S. M., Deveson, D. F., & Kanona, B. B. (2013). A model of BIS/BAS sensitivity, emotion regulation difficulties, and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in relation to sleep quality. Psychiatry Research210(1) .pp. 281-286.
21- Linehan M, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder, New York: Guilford Press; 1993,
22- Sanderson, W. C., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1989). The influence of an illusion of control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air. Archives of General psychiatry46(2) .pp.  157-162.
23- Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology43(1) .pp. 56.
24- Ybrandt, H. (2008). The relation between self-concept and social functioning in adolescence. Journal of adolescence31(1) .pp. 1-16.
25- Raj, P., & Agarwal, S. (2005). Behavioral Intervention in School Setting. Enhancing Self Esteem and Controlling Behavioral Problems. National Academy of Psychology, 50(4) .pp. 348-351
26- مسعودنیا، ابراهیم. (۱۳۸۸). بررسی رابطه بین عزت‌نفس و اضطراب اجتماعی در دانشجویان دوره کارشناسی. روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت. ۱ (۳۷) صص. ۴۹-۵۸
27- Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
28- McNally, R. J. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 52(10), 938–946.
29- Deacon Brett, J., Jonathan S., Carol M., & David, F. (2003). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index - Revised: psychometric properties and factor structure in two nonclinical samples. Behavior Research and Therapy, 41 .pp. 1427–1449.
30- Naragon-Gainey, K., Rutter, L. A., & Brown, T. A. (2014). The interaction of extraversion and anxiety sensitivity on social anxiety: evidence of specificity relative to depression. Behavior therapy45(3) .pp. 418-429.
31- Rector, N. A., Szacun-Shimizu, K., & Leybman, M. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behaviour Research and Therapy45(8) .pp. 1967-1975.
32- فرداینی سفلی، حامد؛ کارسازی، حسین؛ امامی عزت، آمنه و بخشی پور رودسری، عباس (1394). روابط ساختاری حساسیت اضطرابی، نگرانی و دشواری در تنظیم هیجان با اختلال اضطراب فراگیر، اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی و اختلال پانیک. مجله اندیشه و رفتار. دوره 9 (36).صص. 77-90.
33- Weiller, E., Bisserbe, J. C., Boyer, P., Lepine, J. P., & Lecrubier, Y. (1996). Social phobia in general health care: an unrecognised undertreated disabling disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry168(2) .pp. 169-174.
34- Watson, D., O'hara, M. W., Simms, L. J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., & Stuart, S. (2007). Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Psychological assessment19(3) .pp. 253.
35- Abdi, R., Chalabianloo, G., & Joorbonyan, A. (2016). The mediating role of repetitive negative thinking in relationship between negative perfectionism and severity of anxiety symptoms. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences10(4).
36- Jackson, C. J. (2009). Jackson-5 scales of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) and their application to dysfunctional real world outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality43(4) .pp.556-569
37- حسنی جعفر، صالحی سامرند و رسولی آزاد مراد (1391) خصوصیات روانسنجی پرسشنامه پنج عاملی جکسون: مقیاس های نظریه تجدید نظر شده حساسیت به تقویت. پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی . دوره 6 (3)؛ صص. 60- 73
38- Woody, S. R., Chambless, D. L., & Glass, C. R. (1997). Self-focused attention in the treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy35(2) .pp. 117-129.
39- خیر، محمد؛ استوار، صغری؛ لطیفیان، مرتضی؛ تقوی، محمدرضا و سامانی، سیامک (1387). اثر واسطه‌گی توجه متمرکز بر خود و خودکارآمدی اجتماعی بر ارتباط میان اضطراب اجتماعی و سوگیری‌های داوری. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران; ۱۴ (۱): صص. ۲۴-۳۲
40- Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Epstein, N., & Brown, G. (1990). Beck Self-Concept Test. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology2(2) .pp. 191.
41- ارسطویی ایرانی، هایده (1372). بررسی ارتباط خودپنداره با جنسیت و پیشرفت تحصیلی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه الزهرا، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، صص. 60-59
42- Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment26(1) .pp. 41-54.
43- Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2010). Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance-and mindfulness-based treatments. Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change, 107-133.
44- بشارت، محمدعلی و بزازیان، سعیده. (1393). بررسی ویژگی‌های روانسنجی پرسشنامه تنظیم شناختی هیجان در نمونه­ای از جامعه ایرانی؛ نشریه علمی ـ پژوهشی دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی. دوره 24 (84). صص. 61-70.
45- Floyd, M., Garfield, A., & LaSota, M. T. (2005). Anxiety sensitivity and worry. Personality and Individual Differences38(5) .pp. 1223-1229.
46- مشهدی علی. نظریه ذهن: رویکردی جدید به روانشناسی تحولی. تازه های علوم شناختی. ۱۳۸۲; ۵ (۳) :۷۰-۸۳
47- Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampal system. New York: Oxford University Press.
48- Caouette, J. D., & Guyer, A. E. (2014). Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience. Developmental cognitive neuroscience8 .pp. 65-76.
49- Carver, C. S. (2004). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion4(1), 3.
50- Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Wessel, I., & Vandeven, M. (1999). Psychopathological Correlates of Self-Reported Behavioural Inhibition in Normal Children. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 37(6) .pp. 575-584.
51- Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour research and therapy44(9) .pp. 1301-1320.
52- Wheaton, M. G., Deacon, B. J., McGrath, P. B., Berman, N. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2012). Dimensions of anxiety sensitivity in the anxiety disorders: Evaluation of the ASI-3. Journal of Anxiety disorders26(3) .pp. 401-408.
53- Mccabe, R. E. (1999). Implicit and explicit memory for threat words in high-and lowanxiety- sensitive participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 23(1) .pp. 21-38.
54- Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Maner, J. K. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40 .pp.691–699.
55- Stewart, S. H., & Kushner, M. G. (2001). Introduction to the special issue on “Anxiety Sensitivity and Addictive Behaviors”. Addictive Behaviors26(6) .pp. 775-785.
56- Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29 .pp.89–106.