مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری بررسی نقش میانجی احساس تنهایی در پیش‌بینی نوموفوبیا با توجه به سبک دلبستگی ایمن و راهبردهای سازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی عمومی، گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بروجرد، ایران

2 دکترای روان‌شناسی تربیتی، مدرس دانشگاه فرهنگیان، خرم آباد، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی مدل­یابی معادلات ساختاری نوموفوبیا (بی‌موبایل هراسی) بر اساس سبک­ دلبستگی ایمن و راهبردهای سازگارانه تنظیم‌شناختی هیجان با نقش میانجی احساس تنهایی بود.
روش: این مطالعه به روش توصیفی - همبستگی انجام شد. جامعة آماری پژوهش دانش‌­آموزان دختر دوره دوم متوسطه مدارس دولتی شهر خرم‌آباد در سال تحصیلی 1402-1403 به تعداد 10089 نفر بود. حجم نمونه با استفاده از روش نمونه‏‌گیری خوشه­‌ای چندمرحله‌­ای و با درنظرگرفتن امکان ریزش برخی پاسخ‌­دهندگان افزایش تعمیم‏‌پذیری نتایج، 400 نفر تعیین شد. ابزار گردآوری داده­­‌ها شامل پرسش‌نامه نوموفوبیا (NMP-Q) یلدریم و کوریا (2015م)، خرده مقیاس دلبستگی ایمن از پرسش‌نامه سبک­­های دلبستگی (AAI) هازن و شاور (1987م)، خرده مقیاس تنظیم شناختی هیجان سازگارانه از پرسش‌نامة تنظیم­ شناختی هیجانی (CERQ) گرانفسکی و کرایج (2006م) و مقیاس احساس تنهایی نسخه سوم (UCLA LS3) راسل (1996م) بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از همبستگی پیرسون و مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری تحلیل شد.
نتایج: یافته‌­های پژوهش نشان داد که سبک­­ دلبستگی ایمن و راهبردهای سازگارانه تنظیم‌شناختی هیجان اثر مستقیم و معناداری بر نوموفوبیا (بی‌موبایل هراسی) دارند. همچنین نتایج بیانگر آن بود که احساس تنهایی در رابطه بین سبک­­ دلبستگی ایمن و راهبردهای سازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان با نوموفوبیا نقش میانجی معناداری ایفا می‌کند.
بحث و نتیجه‏‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، پیشنهاد می‌شود که ارتباط این متغیرها در مداخلات مرتبط با بی‌موبایل هراسی دانش‌‏آموزان مورد توجه قرار گیرد. همچنین، می‌توان بر مبنای یافته‌های پژوهش، برنامه‌هایی برای پیشگیری، مداخله و کنترل بی‏‌موبایل هراسی تدوین و اجرا کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Structural Equation Modeling of Nomophobia Based on Secure Attachment Style and Adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies with Mediator Role of Loneliness

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hadis Rashno 1
  • Ali Syahmansouri 2
1 M.Sc in Student General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran.
2 Ph.D in Educational Psychology and Lecturer at Farhangian University of Khorramabad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structural equation modeling of nomophobia, considering secure attachment styles and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, with loneliness serving as a mediating factor.
Method: This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. The statistical population consisted of 10,089 female second-year high school students enrolled in public schools in Khorramabad city during the 2023-2024 academic year. A sample size of 400 participants was selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, accounting for potential respondent attrition and ensuring the generalizability of the results. Data collection instruments included the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015), the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI) created by Hazen and Shaver (1987), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) by Garnefski and Kraaij (2006), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Version (UCLA LS3) of Russell developed by Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equations modeling.
Results: The results indicated that secure attachment style and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had a significant direct effect on nomophobia. Additionally, the findings revealed that loneliness played a mediating role in the relationship between secure attachment style and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies concerning nomophobia.
Discussion and conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it is recommended that the relationship between these variables be considered in interventions addressing nomophobia among students. Consequently, programs can be developed for the prevention, intervention, and management of nomophobia, tailored to these variables.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Information and communication technology has become a mandatory part of today's world, with smartphones being the most widely used devices. With the global proliferation of Internet usage, the rate of smartphone adoption has surged dramatically, particularly over the past decade. The easy accessibility of technology and its convenience in addressing daily tasks with minimal effort have led to issues of excessive technology use, especially among adolescents. This trend has also given rise to new bio-psycho-social health risks, including mobile phone addiction. One of the emerging health risks associated with the use of smartphones in the digital age is nomophobia. Research indicates that problematic smartphone use can lead to negative emotions such as anxiety and severe distress, which may result in nomophobia. This condition can have detrimental effects on mental health and psychological well-being, particularly among adolescents. Globally, psychological issues associated with excessive smartphone use have been reported, with over half of Americans experiencing panic symptoms when their phone's battery drops below 20 percent. Nearly half admit they cannot live without their smartphone and feel a sense of addiction to it. This dependence, or addiction, has given rise to a new form of phobia known as nomophobia, which is the fear of being without a cell phone. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structural equation modeling of nomophobia, focusing on secure attachment styles and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, with loneliness serving as a mediating factor.
Method
This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. The statistical population consisted of 10,089 female students in their second year of high school attending public schools in Khorramabad city during the 2023-2024 academic year. The sample size was determined using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, which considered potential respondent attrition and aimed to ensure the generalizability of the results, totaling 400 individuals. Data collection tools include the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015), the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI) created by Hazen and Shaver (1987), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) designed by Garnefski and Kraaij (2006), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Version (UCLA LS3) of Russell. The inclusion criteria for the study were having a high school education, being between 16 and 18 years old, and not having any psychological disorders as reported by the participants. Incomplete responses to the questionnaire items were considered exclusion criteria. At the descriptive level, the mean and standard deviation were used to measure the research variables. At the inferential level, the Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were employed to examine the relationships between variables. In this study, SPSS and AMOS software version 28 were utilized to analyze the collected data.
Results
The results indicated that secure attachment style and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had a significant direct effect on nomophobia. Additionally, the results indicated that loneliness played a mediating role in the relationship between secure attachment style and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies related to nomophobia. Table 1 presents the fit indices of the research model.
Table 1: fit indicators of the research model
Measure
Threshold
acceptable value
CMIN
76.17
-
DF
41
-
CMIN/DF
1.86
<3
Sig
0/001
-
RMSEA
0.04
<0.08
PCLOSE
0.001
>0.90
CFI
0.91
>0.90
AGFI
0.93
>0.90
PCFI
0.73
>0.60
PNFI
0.71
>0.60
IFI
0.96
>0.90
GFI
0.94
>0.90
NFI
0.96
>0.90
 
In order to evaluate the proposed model in the current research, the structural equation modeling (SEM) method has been employed. To assess the model's suitability, the indicators presented in Table 5 have been utilized. Also, if the normalized fit index (NFI), non-normed fit index (NNFI), comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI), goodness of fit index (GFI), and adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) are greater than 0.90, and the parsimonious fit index (PCFI) and the parsimonious normalized fit index (PNFI) are above 0.60, these metrics indicate an appropriate and optimal fit of the model. Based on the results of the final research model, it is evident that all of these indicators are favorable. Additionally, if the value obtained from the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) index is less than 0.08, it indicates a good fit for the model (48). In this research, the approximation index of goodness of fit (PCLOSE) is significant, and the RMSEA index is 0.001. It is equal to 0.04, indicating the model's fit according to Klein's framework. Ultimately, the results show that 69% of nomophobia is explained. In other words, impulsivity accounts for 69% of the variance in nomophobia, considering secure attachment styles and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, with loneliness serving as a mediating factor.
Conclusion
In discussing the impact of secure attachment styles on nomophobia, particularly through the mediating role of loneliness, it can be observed that when students perceive their caregivers and parents as a reliable source of support, they experience reduced feelings of loneliness. Students who do not encounter this sense of isolation tend to have fewer emotional and psychological voids, engage in more communication and interaction with their family members, and consequently use cyberspace and mobile phones less frequently. Also, when explaining the impact of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation on nomophobia through the mediating role of loneliness, it can be stated that adaptive cognitive emotion regulation enables individuals to function effectively in their environment and to employ behaviors that align with their goals when confronted with challenging emotional experiences, such as loneliness. A person who employs adaptive emotional regulation can modify their behaviors when confronted with a challenging experience, enabling them to achieve their goals within their environment. This approach allows them to draw on social support from others and foster improved social relationships and interactions. Therefore, individuals who experience greater loneliness in relation to their friends tend to have fewer social and face-to-face interactions with them. As a result, they often turn to cyberspace and their mobile phones to occupy their free time. The excessive use of mobile phones and mobile internet among students can lead to dependency and addiction, exacerbated by the loneliness stemming from limited communication with friends.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: In the present study, the ethical approval of research, including secrecy, confidentiality and privacy of individuals, was observed, and participation in the research did not cause any possible harm to the participants.
Funding: The study was conducted without the funding of any institution or organization
Authors’ Contribution: The first author is the main researcher of this study. The second author is the supervisor.
Conflict of Interest: According to the authors, this article has no funding or conflict of interest.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nomophobia
  • Secure attachment style
  • Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies
  • Loneliness

مراجع

  •  

    • Luo, Y., Watts, M. Exploration of university students’ lived experiences of using smartphones for English language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 2024; 37 (4): 608-633.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2052904

    • Rizzo, A., Alparone, D. Surfing Alone: From Internet Addiction to the Era of Smartphone International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2024; 21 (4): 436-445.

    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040436

    • Primi, C., Garuglieri, S., Gori, C., Sanson, F., Giambi, D., Fogliazza, M., Donati, MA. Measuring problematic smartphone use in adolescents: psychometric properties of the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS-10) among Italian youth. Behaviour & Information Technology, 2024; 43 (7): 1416-1428.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2212816

    • Yildirim, C., Correia, AP. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire.Computers in Human Behavior, 2015; 49 (1): 130-137.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059

    • Rahmah, AA., Mustikawati, IF., Septianawati, P., Immanuel, G. Analysis of Factor Causing Nomophobia in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis Study. Jurnal Health Sains, 2024; 5 (4): 237-244. https://jurnal.healthsains.co.id/index.php/jhs/article/view/1258/1347
    • Terzi, H., Ayaz-Alkaya, S., Köse-Kabakcıoğlu, N. Nomophobia and eHealth literacy among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 2024; 75 (1): 158-163.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.12.024

    • Ercengiz, M., Yildiz, B., Savci, M., Griffiths, MD. Differentiation of self, emotion management skills, and nomophobia among smartphone users: The mediating and moderating roles of intolerance of uncertainty. The Social Science Journal, 2024; 61 (2): 525-539.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1833148

    • Lin, CY., Potenza, MN., Ulander, M., Broström, A., Ohayon, MM., Chattu, VK., Pakpour, AH. Longitudinal relationships between nomophobia, addictive use of social media, and insomnia in adolescents. In Healthcare, 2021 September; 9 (9): 1021-1030.

    https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091201

    • Heidari, M., Izadi, F. Investigation of Structural Pattern of Relationship between FOMO Syndrome with Nomophobia by Mediating Parenting Stress in Adolescent of Isfahan. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 2024; 22(1): 51-64. https://doi.org/10.22070/cpap.2024.18196.1415
    • Turan, Z., Yılmaz, RM. Do Personality Traits Influence Nomophobia? An Investigation of the Big Five Personality Traits and Nomophobia Levels in University Students. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 2024; 13 (1): 46-59. https://doi.org/10.52963/N1.03
    • Nguyen, TV., Nguyen, QN., Nguyen, NP., Nguyen, UB. Smartphone use, nomophobia, and academic achievement in Vietnamese high school students. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 2024; 14 (1): 1-10.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100418

    • Ebrahimi, O., Mohammadi, D. Relationship between attachment styles and nomophobia in medical students: A cross-sectional study. Research and Development in Medical Education, 2024; 13 (1): 1-5.

    https://doi.org/10.34172/rdme.33202

    • Gohar, A., Munir, M. Attachment Styles and Nomophobia in Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Mindful Awareness. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 2022; 37 (4): 637-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2022.37.4.38
    • Schmalbach, I., Franke, GH., Häuser, W., Strauss, B., Petrowski, K., Brähler, E. Attachment styles and healthcare utilization: exploring the role of the patient-doctor BMC Health Services Research, 2024; 24 (1): 63-73.

    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-10484-w

    • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, PR. Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance. Psychological inquiry, 2007; 18 (3): 139-156.

    https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V13.N1.03

    • Basal, F., Onur, S., Yamac, D., Karacin, C., Zengin, G., Bilgetekin, İ., Oksuzoglu, B. Does a secure attachment style predict high psychological resilience in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy?. Cureus, 2020; 12 (10): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.10954
    • Bender A, Ingram R. Connecting attachment style to resilience: Contributions of self-care and self-efficacy. Personality and individual differences, 2018; 130 (1): 18-20.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.038

    • Wati, H., Savira, SI. Pengaruh Secure Attachment Style Terhadap Interaksi Parasosial Pada Dewasa Awal. INCARE, International Journal of Educational Resources, 2024; 5 (1): 065-079.

    https://doi.org/10.59689/incare.v5i1.905

    • Liang, HY., Zhang, B., Jiang, HB., Zhou, HL. Adult attachment: Its mediation role on childhood trauma and mobile phone addiction. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2021; 31 (4): 369-374.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2021.1952706

    • Ding, Y., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Peng, Q., Yu, J., Lu, G., Chen, C. Correlations between smartphone addiction and alexithymia, attachment style, and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022; 13 (1): 1-10.

    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971735

    • Xiang, Y., He, Q., Yuan R. Childhood maltreatment affects mobile phone addiction from the perspective of attachment theory. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2023; 21 (6): 3536-3548.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00806-0

    • Chen, X., Huang, Z., Lin, W. The effect of emotion regulation on happiness and resilience of university students: the chain mediating role of learning motivation and target positioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022; 13 (1): 1-10.

    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029655

    • Justyna, MK., Zorana, I. Emotion regulation strategies and mental health symptoms during COVID-19: the mediating role of insomnia. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2023; 36 (1): 151-162.

    https://doi.org/10.13075%2Fijomeh.1896.01977

    • Gupta, T., Sarkar, C., Rajshekhar, V., Chatterjee, S., Shirsat, N., Muzumdar, D., Jalali, R. Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology consensus guidelines for the contemporary management of medulloblastoma. Neurology India, 2017; 65 (2): 315-332.

    https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.201841

    • Santl, L., Brajkovic, L., Kopilaš, V. Relationship between nomophobia, various emotional difficulties, and distress factors among students. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 2022; 12 (7): 716-730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070053
    • Engelberg, E., Sjöberg, L., Internet, use., social, skills., and adjustment. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 2004; 7 (1): 41-47.

    https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104322820101

    • Maldar, AA., Nayak, M. Examining the impact of emotional intelligence and attachment style on loneliness Alisha Azad Maldar and Monalisa Nayak. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2024; 18 (3): 317-325.

    https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.18.3.0369

    • Borawski, D., Wajs, T., Sojka, K., Misztal, U. Interrelations between attachment styles, emotional contagion and loneliness. Journal of Family Issues, 2021; 42 (9): 2064-2082.

    https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20966013

    • Eldesouky, L., Goldenberg, A., Ellis, K. Loneliness and emotion regulation in daily Personality and Individual Differences, 2024; 221 (1): 1-10.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112566

    • Vescan, M,. Flack, M., Caudwell, KM. Loneliness and problematic pornography Use: What is the role of emotion regulation and interaction with content Creators?. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 2024; 19 (1): 1-10.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100550

    • Valenti, GD., Bottaro, R., Faraci, P. Effects of difficulty in handling emotions and social interactions on nomophobia: Examining the mediating role of feelings of loneliness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2024; 22 (1): 528-542.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00888-w

    • Thompson, A., Pollet, TV., An exploratory psychometric network analysis of loneliness scales in a sample of older adults. Current Psychology, 2024; 43 (6): 5428-5442.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04697-9

    • Gezgin, DM., Hamutoglu, NB., Sezen-Gultekin, G., Ayas, T. The relationship between nomophobia and loneliness among Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 2018; 4 (2): 358-374. https://www.ijres.net/index.php/ijres/article/view/227
    • Kara, M., Baytemir, K., Inceman-Kara, F. Duration of daily smartphone usage as an antecedent of nomophobia: Exploring multiple mediation of loneliness and anxiety. Behaviour & Information Technology, 2021; 40 (1): 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1673485
    • Ren, S., He, J., Liu, T., Zhang, D. Exploring the relationship between college students’ adaptability and nomophobia. Behaviour & Information Technology, 2024; 1 (1): 1-17.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2314755

    • Bartwal, J., Nath, B. Evaluation of nomophobia among medical students using smartphone in north India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 2020; 76 (4): 451-455.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.03.001

    • Bragazzi, NL., Re, TS., Zerbetto, R. The relationship between nomophobia and maladaptive coping styles in a sample of Italian young adults: Insights and implications from a cross-sectional study. JMIR mental health, 2019; 6 (4): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2196%2F13154
    • Armakolas, S., Lora, C., Waligóra, A. Increased mobile phone use in high school students as a social problem under the dimension of addiction. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 2024; 4 (1): 911-919.

    https://doi.org/10.25082/AMLER.2024.01.002

    • Sun, Y., Yang, J., Li, M., Liu, T. The association between neuroticism and nomophobia: Chain mediating effect of attachment and loneliness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2024; 22 (1): 685-702.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00897-9

    • Coşkun, M., Kavaklı, M., Türkmen, O. Exploring ostracism as a risk factor for smartphone addiction in young people: Resilience and nomophobia perspectives. Journal of Happiness and Health, 1 (1): 25-33.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.47602/johah.v4i1.66

    • Elamin, NO., Almasaad, JM., Busaeed, RB., Aljafari, DA., Khan, MA. Smartphone addiction, stress, and depression among university students. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2024; 25 (1): 1-10.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101487

    • Meneses, M., Andrade, E. Relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and smartphone addiction in COVID-19 nursing students. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2024; 32 (1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6764.4056
    • Aldwecat, SHS., Amarneh, BH., Al-majali, MA. Prevalence And Impact Of Nomophobia On Academic Performance Among University Students: South Of Jordan. Migration Letters, 2024; 21 (3): 178-191.

    https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.51052

    https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1641961848-10182-105-7.pdf [In Persian].

    • Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Gómez-Vela, M., González-Gil, F., Caballo, C. Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. Addiction research & theory, 2007; 15 (3): 309-320.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350701350247

    • Hazen, C., Shaver, P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1987; 52 (3): 511-524. https://www.taylorfrancis.com
    • Horowitz, LM., Rosenberg, SE., Baer, BA., Ureño, G., Villaseñor VS. Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1988; 56 (6): 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.885
    • Besharat, MA., Geranmayepour, S., Pournaghdali, A., Ofoghi, Z., Habibnezhad, M., Aghaei Sabet, S. Relationship between alexithymia and interpersonal problems: Moderating effect of attachment styles. Contemporary Psychology, 2014; 9 (1): 3-16.

    https://bjcp.ir/article-1-489-fa.pdf  [In Persian]

    https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370294643851494273

    • Mohsenabadi, H., Fathi-Ashtiani, A. Evaluation of psychometric properties of the Persian version of the short form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-18). Payesh, 2021; 20 (2): 167-178.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/payesh.20.2.167

    [In Persian]

    • Russell, DW. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of personality assessment, 1996; 66 (1): 20-40.

    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2

    • Schmidt, N., Sermat, V. Measuring loneliness in different relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983; 44 (5): 1038–1047. 

    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1038

    • Bahirayi, H., Delavar, A., Ahadi, H. Standardization of UCLA Loneliness Scale (version 3) on Students Attending Universities in Tehran. Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 2006; 1 (1): 18-6.

    https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20101111133919 [In Persian]

    • Abdollahi, PS., Kamkar, A., Khosravi, S. Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy on Loneliness and Internet Addiction in students. Rooyesh, 2023; 12 (10): 191-200.

    http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-4596-fa.html

    [In Persian]

    • Bottaro, R., Valenti, GD., Faraci, P. Assessment of an Epidemic Urgency: Psychometric Evidence for the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2023; 1 (1): 2843-2855. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S406523
    • Azimi, K., Shehni Yailagh, M., Khoshnamvand, M. Designing and Testing the Causal Model of the Relationship between Moral Identity and Bullying with the Mediation of Moral Disengagement among Iranian Adolescents. Social Psychology Research, 2024; 13 (52): 13-30.

    https://doi.org/10.22034/spr.2024.410580.1852 [In Persian]

    • Meyers, LS., Gamst, G., Guarino, AJ. Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications. 2016.

    https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-39233-000

    • Skrobinska, L., Newman‐Taylor, K., Carnelley, K. Secure attachment imagery facilitates help‐seeking and help-acceptance in psychosis.Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 2024; 1 (2): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12530
    • Allen, JP., Porter, M., McFarland, C., McElhaney, KB., Marsh, P. The relation of attachment security to adolescents’ paternal and peer relationships, depression, and externalizing behavior. Child development, 2007; 78 (4): 1222-1239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01062.x
    • Farchakh, Y., Hallit, R., Akel, M., Chalhoub, C., Hachem, M., Hallit, S., Obeid, S. Nomophobia in Lebanon: Scale validation and association with psychological aspects. PLoS One, 2021; 16 (4): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249890
    • Nguyen, B., Nguyen, T., Le, U. Nomophobia and stress among Vietnamese high school students in Covid-19 pandemic: A mediation model of loneliness. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 2022; 13 (1-2022): 34-40.

    https://doi.org/10.51847/zN5yXlP0nK

    • Li, X., Feng, X., Xiao, W., Zhou, H. Loneliness and mobile phone addiction among Chinese college students: the mediating roles of boredom proneness and self-control. Psychology research and behavior management, 2021; 1 (2): 687-694.https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S315879
    • Ozdemir, B., Cakir, O., Hussain, I. Prevalence of Nomophobia among university students: A comparative study of Pakistani and Turkish undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2018; 14 (4): 1519-1532.

    http://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/84839

    • Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, TW., Potenza, MN. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2019; 104 (1): 1-10.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032

    • Jiang, Q., Li, Y., Shypenka, V. Loneliness, individualism, and smartphone addiction among international students in China.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 2018; 21 (11): 711-718.

    https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0115

    • Shen, X., Wang, JL. Loneliness and excessive smartphone use among Chinese college students: Moderated mediation effect of perceived stressed and motivation. Computers in Human Behavior, 2019; 95 (1): 31-36.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.012

    • Tuo, L., Geina, G., Ying, Y., Shixiu, R., Miao, C. The relationship between personality and nomophobia: a mediating role of solitude behavior. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2020; 18 (2): 268-278.

    https://psybeh.tjnu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract2022.shtml

    • Raby, KL., Dozier, M. Attachment across the lifespan: Insights from adoptive families. Current opinion in psychology, 2019; 25 (1): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.03.011
    • Boag, EM., Carnelley, KB. Self‐reported discrimination and discriminatory behaviour: The role of attachment security. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2012; 51 (2): 393-403.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02065.x

    • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, PR. The Attachment Behavioral System in Adulthood: Activation, Psychodynamics, and Interpersonal Processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.): Advances in experimental social psychology, 2003; 35: 53-152. Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601 (03)01002-5
    • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, PR. Augmenting the sense of attachment security in group contexts: The effects of a responsive leader and a cohesive group. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 2017; 67 (2): 161-175.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.2016.1260462

     

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار