نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of emotional schemas and HEXACO personality traits between married women with a willingness to bear children and those without.
Method: The research employed a causal-comparative design. The target population for this study included two groups. The first group comprised married women who desired to have children and visited health centers in Tehran. The second group consisted of married women who did not wish to have children, specifically students from the Islamic Azad University of Tehran Central Branch in 2023. Using a convenience sampling method, 100 women (50 were selected as participants—50 women with childbearing a willingness to bear children 50 married women without childbearing such willingness. These participants asked to fill complete the Emotional Schemas Scale short Short Form of developed by Leahy, as well as the Brief HEXACO inventory Inventory of created by Vries. In For data analysis, multivariate of variance variance (MANOVA) used employed.
Results: The results of the multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in emotional schemas, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness between women with and without a willingness to bear children. However, no significant difference was found in honesty-humility and openness to experience among women in both groups. Specifically, women who expressed a willingness to bear children had lower mean scores in emotional schemas and emotionality compared to those who did not. Conversely, women with a willingness to bear children exhibited higher mean scores in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than their counterparts without such willingness.
Discussion and conclusion: Based on this research, it is concluded that when planning for childbearing and increasing the country's population, it is essential to consider personality traits such as emotionality, extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, as well as emotional schemas. The findings of this study should be utilized in this area, and it is .necessary to pay attention to these cases in psychological interventions to encourage women to bear children
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Fertility rates are declining worldwide, and childbearing has become a significant concern for many governments. In Western Asia, numerous countries are experiencing very low fertility rates, with young people increasingly postponing marriage and childbearing. Iran is one such country that is gradually facing population aging alongside a declining population growth rate. Over the past fifty years, socio-economic development, decreasing fertility rates, and increasing life expectancy have led to substantial changes in the global population structure, resulting in a significant rise in the number of elderly individuals during this period. This demographic shift has imposed considerable costs, particularly in the healthcare sector. Consequently, the combination of declining birth rates and a growing elderly population serves as a warning for societies to pay closer attention to the challenges posed by this growing population. On the other hand, it can be said that in order to increase childbearing to replacement levels, policymakers and planners need to implement a set of policies that help families cover the costs of childcare and facilitate the integration of women's work and family life. In addition to economic problems, concerns about the future of children and the interference of childbearing with one's interests, hobbies, and work and educational plans are two important cultural and social reasons for not wanting children, which need to be given serious attention in formulating and amending population policies. Based on what has been said, conducting a study that can identify the reasons for married women's desire and reluctance to have children is of great importance and necessity from the perspective of population policymaking and planning. Therefore, planners and policymakers are among the beneficiaries of the research results. The purpose of this study was to investigate comparison of emotional schemas and HEXACO personality traits between married women with and without childbearing willingness.
Method
The research method employed was causal-comparative. The target population for this study comprised two groups. The first group included all married women who wished to have children and sought assistance at health centers in Tehran. The second group consisted of married women from the Islamic Azad University of Tehran Central Branch in 2023 who did not wish to have children. According to the convenience sampling method, 100 women (50 were selected as participants, comprising 50 women with childbearing a willingness to bear children 50 married women without childbearing such willingness. These participants asked to fill complete the Emotional Schemas Scale short Short Form of developed by Leahy, as well as the Brief HEXACO inventory Inventory of created by Vries. The inclusion criteria for the study were required that all participants had history of divorce divorce, possessed at least high school diploma, and no did not have physical illnesses such as diabetes, diabetes or obesity, obesity. Exclusion criteria included incomplete questionnaires, history of divorce divorce, having self-reported and or illnesses illnesses. analysis was performed conducted the both and inferential levels. At the descriptive level, the mean and standard deviation were utilized to measure the research variables. Additionally, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to compare the research variables between the two groups. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, version 28.
Results
The results indicated that the mean age and standard deviation of women willing to bear children were 34.98 years and 2.281 years, respectively. In contrast, the mean age and standard deviation of women unwilling to bear children were 35.14 years and 2.148 years. The independent t-test statistic comparing the mean ages of the two groups was t(1) = 0.361, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.719). This suggests that the two groups are similar in terms of age.
The results indicated that among the women who expressed a willingness to bear children, 4 individuals (8%) held a post-secondary diploma, 23 individuals (66%) possessed a bachelor's degree, and 13 individuals (26%) had obtained a master's degree. In contrast, among the women who did not express a willingness to bear children, 5 individuals (10%) had a high school diploma, 23 individuals (66%) held a bachelor's degree, and 12 individuals (24%) possessed a master's degree. The chi-square value obtained from comparing the frequency and percentage of the academic variable was χ² = 0.151, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.927). This indicates that the two groups of married women, those with a desire to have children and those without, were similar in terms of academic achievement. However, the results of the multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences in emotional schemas, emotionality, extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness between the two groups regarding their willingness to bear children. However, there was no significant difference in honesty-humility and openness to experience between women who were willing to bear children and those who were not. In fact, women with a willingness to bear children had lower mean scores in emotional schemas and emotionality compared to women without such willingness. Women who expressed a willingness to bear children scored higher on average in the traits of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness compared to those who did not express such willingness.
Conclusion
Based on this, it can be concluded that effective planning in the realm of childbearing and population growth requires attention to personality traits such as emotionality, extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, as well as emotional schemas. It is recommended to utilize the findings of this research in this area, and it is essential to consider these factors in psychological interventions aimed at encouraging women to have children.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: This study was conducted by the ethical standards of the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, and the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all married women with and without childbearing willingness before their inclusion in the study
Funding: The study was conducted without the funding of any institution or organization.
Authors’ Contribution: The first author is the main researcher of this study and the second author is the supervisor. This article is taken from a doctoral thesis of the first author.
Conflict of Interest: According to the authors, this article has no funding or conflict of interest.
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