بررسی نقش پیش‌بینی‌کنندگی راهبردهای تنظیم‌شناختی هیجان در افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس نوجوانان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی شناختی، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علومتربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

4 کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی شناختی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش پیش­بینی­کننده راهبرد­های تنظیم‌شناختی هیجان در میزان تجربة افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس در نوجوانان 15-18 سال شهر مشهد است.
روش: روش این پژوهش، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی و جامعة موردنظر پژوهش شامل کلیة دانش­آموزان شهر مشهد در بازة سنی 15-18 ساله بوده است. تعداد شرکت­کنندگان این مطالعه 800 نفر بود که به شیوة نمونه­گیری تصادفی خوشه­ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار­های مورد استفاده شامل اطلاعات دموگرافیک (سن، جنسیت و مقطع تحصیلی)، پرسش‌نامه DASS-21، پرسش‌نامه تنظیم‌شناختی هیجانی (CERQ-18) بوده است. بعد از اجرای پرسش‌نامه‌ها روی نمونه موردنظر، تحلیل داده‌ها در دو بخش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی صورت گرفت. جهت آزمون فرضیه‌های پژوهش از روش رگرسیون همزمان استفاده شد.
نتایج: داده‌های این تحلیل نشان داد، راهبردهای تنظیم‌شناختی هیجان می­تواند به‌صورت معناداری پریشانی روان‌شناختی را پیش­بینی کنند (001/0>P). نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که راهبردهای تنظیم هیجان ناسازگار می‌توانند به‌صورت مستقیم میزان تجربه افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس را در نوجوانان پیش‌بینی کنند و راهبردهای تنظیم هیجان سازگار نیز به‌صورت معکوس نقش پیش‌بینی‌کنندگی در تعیین افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس این گروه سنی از افراد دارند.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد، نوع راهبردهای تنظیم هیجان (سازگار در مقابل ناسازگار) نقش مؤثری در پیش‌بینی تجربه افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس نوجوانان دارند؛ بنابراین استفاده از روش‌های درمانی و طراحی برنامه‌های آموزشی در جهت بهبود مهارت‌های تنظیم‌شناختی هیجان احتمالاً می‌تواند در کاهش تجربه پریشانی روان‌شناختی نوجوانان مؤثر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Predictive Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depression, Anxiety and Stress of Adolescents

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shakiba Mahmoudi 1
  • Abbas Firoozabadi 2
  • Seyed Ruhollah Hosseini 2
  • Seyyed Kazem Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaei 3
  • Maryam Shamsaei 4
1 Master of Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Master of Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the predictive role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by adolescents aged 15 to 18 in Mashhad.
Method: This study employed a descriptive and correlational design, targeting a population of students in Mashhad aged 15 to 18. A total of 800 participants were selected through cluster random sampling. The data collection tools included demographic information (age, gender, and educational level), the DASS-21 questionnaire, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-18). After administering the questionnaires to the target sample, data analysis was conducted in two phases: descriptive and inferential statistics. The simultaneous regression method was utilized to test the research hypotheses.
Results: The results of this analysis indicate that cognitive emotion regulation strategies significantly predict psychological distress (P < 0.001). Specifically, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies directly predict levels of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by adolescents, while adaptive emotion regulation strategies play an inverse predictive role in determining these mental health outcomes within this age group.
Discussion: The results of this study indicate that the type of emotion regulation strategies—adaptive versus maladaptive—plays a significant role in predicting the experiences of depression, anxiety, and stress in adolescents. Therefore, implementing therapeutic methods and designing educational programs aimed at enhancing cognitive emotion regulation skills may be effective in reducing psychological distress among adolescents.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adolescent
  • Emotion Regulation
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Stress
  • Psychological Distress

مراجع

  1. Smetana JG, Rote WM. Adolescent–parent relationships: Progress, processes, and prospects. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology. 2019; 1: 41-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084903
  2. Srivastava G, Fox CK, Kelly AS, Jastreboff AM, Browne AF, Browne NT, et al. Clinical considerations regarding the use of obesity pharmacotherapy in adolescents with obesity. Obesity. 2019; 27(2): 190-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22385
  3. Rahimi S, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA, Anoosheh L, Ghasemzadeh E, Khalifeh N, et al. Long-term exercise from adolescence to adulthood reduces anxiety- and depression-like behaviors following maternal immune activation in offspring. Physiol Behav. 2020; 226: 113130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113130
  4. Morrish L, Rickard N, Chin TC, Vella-Brodrick DA. Emotion regulation in adolescent well-being and positive education. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2018; 19: 1543-64. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10902-017-9881-y
  5. Mullick T, Radovic A, Shaaban S, Doryab A. Predicting depression in adolescents using mobile and wearable sensors: Multimodal machine learning–based exploratory study. JMIR Formative Research. 2022; 6(6): e35807. https://doi.org/10.2196/35807
  6. Feiss R, Dolinger SB, Merritt M, Reiche E, Martin K, Yanes JA, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of School-Based Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Prevention Programs for Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2019; 48(9): 1668-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01085-0
  7. Young KS, Sandman CF, Craske MG. Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depression. Brain sciences. 2019; 9(4): 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040076
  8. Grossberg A, Rice T. Depression and suicidal behavior in adolescents. Medical Clinics. 2023; 107(1): 169-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.005
  9. Meherali S, Punjani N, Louie-Poon S, Abdul Rahim K, Das JK, Salam RA, et al. Mental health of children and adolescents amidst COVID-19 and past pandemics: a rapid systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021; 18(7): 3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073432
  10. Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A. A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 2020; 25(1):79-93. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
  11. Anyanwu MU. Psychological distress in adolescents: prevalence and its relation to high-risk behaviors among secondary school students in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. BMC Psychology. 2023; 11(1): 5. Psychological distress in adolescents: prevalence and its relation to high-risk behaviors among secondary school students in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda | BMC Psychology | Full Text
  12. Compare A, Zarbo C, Shonin E, Van Gordon W, Marconi C. Emotional regulation and depression: A potential mediator between heart and mind. Cardiovascular psychiatry and neurology. 2014; 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/324374
  13. Renna ME. A review and novel theoretical model of how negative emotions influence inflammation: The critical role of emotion regulation. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health. 2021;18:100397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100397
  14. Can YS, Chalabianloo N, Ekiz D, Ersoy C. Continuous stress detection using wearable sensors in real life: Algorithmic programming contest case study. Sensors. 2019; 19(8): 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081849
  15. Wang M, Saudino KJ. Emotion regulation and stress. Journal of Adult Development. 2011; 18: 95-103. Emotion Regulation and Stress | Journal of Adult Development
  16. Compare A, Zarbo C, Shonin E, Van Gordon W, Marconi C. Emotional Regulation and Depression: A Potential Mediator between Heart and Mind. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2014; 2014: 324374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/324374
  17. Joormann J, Stanton CH. Examining emotion regulation in depression: A review and future directions. Behaviour research and therapy. 2016; 86: 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.007
  18. Caglar A, Deniz M. The improvement of post-traumatic cognitive attribution scale: its relationship with loneliness and depression. Current Psychology. 2023: 1-11. The improvement of post-traumatic cognitive attribution scale: its relationship with loneliness and depression | Current Psychology
  19. Guerrini-Usubini A, Cattivelli R, Scarpa A, Musetti A, Varallo G, Franceschini C, et al. The interplay between emotion dysregulation, psychological distress, emotional eating, and weight status: A path model. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2023; 23(1): 100338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100338
  20. Söğüt M, Yedidağ E, Ray-Yol E, Özdemir AB, Altan-Atalay A. Problem Orientation and Psychological Distress Among Adolescents: Do Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Mediate Their Relationship? Psychological Reports. 2021:00332941211018802. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211018802
  21. Alawadhi YT, Smith MR, King KM. The relations between real‐time use of emotion regulation strategies and anxiety and depression symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2023; 79(4): 1082-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23458
  22. Cludius B, Mennin D, Ehring T. Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic process. Emotion. 2020; 20(1): 37. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000646
  23. Desatnik A, Bel-Bahar T, Nolte T, Crowley M, Fonagy P, Fearon P. Emotion regulation in adolescents: An ERP study. Biological psychology. 2017; 129: 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.010
  24. Ghose U, Mukherjee T. Impact of Loneliness and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Psychological Well-being of Students During the Pandemic. COVID-19 Through the Lens of Mental Health in India: Routledge India; 2023. p. 56-79. Impact of loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation in psychological well-being of students during the pandemic.
  25. Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Hajialiani V, Hasani J. The Role of Resilience and Emotion Regulation in Psychological Distress of Hospital Staff During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review Study. Journal of Research and Health. 2021; 11(6): 365-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/JRH.11.6.1922.1
  26. Cameron LD, Carroll P, Hamilton WK. Evaluation of an intervention promoting emotion regulation skills for adults with persisting distress due to adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse Negl. 2018; 79: 423-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.002
  27. Wang QQ, Fang YY, Huang HL, Lv WJ, Wang XX, Yang TT, et al. Anxiety, depression and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in Chinese nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Journal of Nursing Management. 2021; 29(5): 1263-74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01516-1
  28. Wirtz CM, Hofmann SG, Riper H, Berking M. Emotion regulation predicts anxiety over a five-year interval: a cross-lagged panel analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2014; 31(1): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22198
  29. Wirtz CM, Hofmann SG, Riper H, Berking M. Emotion regulation predicts anxiety over a five‐year interval: A cross‐lagged panel analysis. Depression and anxiety. 2014; 31(1): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22198
  30. Joormann J, Gotlib IH. Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion. 2010; 24(2): 281-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948
  31. Dadfarnia S, Hadianfard H, Rahimi C, Aflakseir A. Predicting depression based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The Journal of Tolooebehdasht. 2020. https://doi.org/10.18502/tbj.v19i1.2815
  32. Di Giunta L, Lunetti C, Gliozzo G, Rothenberg WA, Lansford JE, Eisenberg N, et al. Negative Parenting, Adolescents' Emotion Regulation, Self-Efficacy in Emotion Regulation, and Psychological Adjustment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042251
  33. Schäfer J, Naumann E, Holmes EA, Tuschen-Caffier B, Samson AC. Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review. J Youth Adolesc. 2017; 46(2): 261-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0
  34. Cisler JM, Olatunji BO. Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Current psychiatry reports. 2012; 14: 182-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0262-2
  35. Kenwood MM, Kalin NH, Barbas H. The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022; 47(1): 260-75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01109-z
  36. Silvers JA. Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development. Current opinion in psychology. 2022; 44: 258-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.023
  37. Inwood E, Ferrari M. Mechanisms of Change in the Relationship between Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2018; 10(2): 215-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12127
  38. Hofmann W, Schmeichel BJ, Baddeley AD. Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2012; 16(3): 174-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006
  39. Schäfer JÖ, Naumann E, Holmes EA, Tuschen-Caffier B, Samson AC. Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of youth and adolescence. 2017; 46: 261-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0
  40. Van Beveren M-L, Braet C. Emotion regulation in adolescent depression: a developmental psychopathology perspective. Emotion regulation: processes, cognitive effect and social consequences: Nova Science Publishers; 2015. 85-108. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293653493_Emotion_Regulation_in_Adolescent_Depression_A_Developmental_Psychopathology_Perspective
  41. حسنی ج. بررسی اعتبار و روایی فرم کوتاه پرسش‌نامه نظم‌جویی شناختی هیجان. مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری. 2011؛ 9(4):0-. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17352029.1390.9.4.2.5
  42. آبادی م، آشتیانی ف. بررسی ویژگی‌‌های روانسنجی نسخه فارسی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه تنظیم هیجان‌شناختی (CERQ-18). پایش. 2021؛20(2): 78-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/payesh.20.2.167
  43. دادفرنیا ش، هادیان‌فرد ح، رحیمی چ، افلاک‌سیر ع. تنظیم هیجان و نقش آن در پیش‌بینی نشانه‌های افسردگی در دانشجویان. طلوع بهداشت یزد. 2020؛ 19(1): 32-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/tbj.v19i1.2815
  44. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy. 1995; 33(3): 335 - 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
  45. مهدی ز، احمد س، مریم ط. اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت بر نشانگان افسردگی، اضطراب، استرس و خودکارآمدی وزن در افراد مبتلا به اختلال خوردن. اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت بر نشانگان افسردگی، اضطراب، استرس و خودکارآمدی وزن در افراد مبتلا به اختلال خوردن | مهدی زمستانی، استاد
  46. Lee FS, Heimer H, Giedd JN, Lein ES, Šestan N, Weinberger DR, et al. Adolescent mental health—opportunity and obligation. Science. 2014; 346 (6209): 547-9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260497
  47. Irfan S, Zulkefly NS. Parent-peer attachment, negative automatic thoughts and psychological problems among Pakistani adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Current Psychology. 2023; 42 (3): 95 - 1979. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-021-01599-6
  48. de Veld DM, Riksen-Walraven JM, de Weerth C. The relation between emotion regulation strategies and physiological stress responses in middle childhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012; 37(8): 1309-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.004
  49. Ahmed SP, Bittencourt-Hewitt A, Sebastian CL. Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 2015; 15: 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.006
  50. King KM, Feil MC, Halvorson MA. Negative urgency is correlated with the use of reflexive and disengagement emotion regulation strategies. Clinical Psychological Science. 2018; 6(6): 822-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618785619
  51. Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S. When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of abnormal psychology. 2012; 121(1): 276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023598
  52. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion. 2018; 32(7): 1401-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1232698
  53. Liu C, Chen L, Chen S. Influence of neuroticism on depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: the mediation effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2020; 11: 420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00420
  54. Gross J. Emotion Regulationௗ: TaNing StocN and Moving Forward Emotion. Emotion. 2013.
  55. McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML, Mennin DS, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour research and therapy. 2011; 49(9): 544-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003
  56. Domaradzka E, Fajkowska M. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in anxiety and depression understood as types of personality. Frontiers in psychology. 2018; 9: 856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00856
  57. Martins E, Freire M, Ferreira-Santos F. Examination of adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies as transdiagnostic processes: associations with diverse psychological symptoms in college students. 2016.
  58. Aune T, Hamiel D, Wolmer L. Does emotion regulation mediate the effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms in adolescents? Journal of Affective Disorders. 2023.
  59. Azadi S, Khosravani V, King S, Mohammadzadeh A, Baseri A. Effects of Neuropsychological Systems on Psychopathology through Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Individuals with Suicide Attempts. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2020; 44: 229-39. Effects of Neuropsychological Systems on Psychopathology Through Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Individuals with Suicide Attempts | Cognitive Therapy and Research
  60. Brans K, Verduyn P. Intensity and duration of negative emotions: Comparing the role of appraisals and regulation strategies. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3): e92410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092410
  61. Lincoln TM, Schulze L, Renneberg B. The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology. Nature Reviews Psychology. 2022; 1(5): 272-86. The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology | Nature Reviews Psychology
  62. Silk JS, Steinberg L, Morris AS. Adolescents' emotion regulation in daily life: links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Dev. 2003; 74(6): 1869-80. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x
  63. Crisan SM, Nechita DM. Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and trait anger as predictors of depression severity. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2022; 29(3): 1135-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2702
  64. Gonçalves SF, Chaplin TM, Turpyn CC, Niehaus CE, Curby TW, Sinha R, et al. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Predict Depressive Symptom Trajectory from Early to Middle Adolescence. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2019; 50(4): 618-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00867-8
  65. Selby EA, Anestis MD, Joiner TE. Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: emotional cascades. Behav Res Ther. 2008; 46(5): 593-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002
  66. Dawson GC, Adrian M, Chu P, McCauley E, Vander Stoep A. Associations between sex, rumination, and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: A four-Year longitudinal investigation. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2022: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2021.2019049
  67. Hilt LM, Swords CM, Webb CA. Randomized controlled trial of a mindfulness mobile application for ruminative adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2023: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2158840
  68. Li SH, Corkish B, Richardson C, Christensen H, Werner‐Seidler A. The role of rumination in the relationship between symptoms of insomnia and depression in adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research. 2023:e13932. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13932
  69. Wilkinson PO, Croudace TJ, Goodyer IM. Rumination, anxiety, depressive symptoms and subsequent depression in adolescents at risk for psychopathology: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2013; 13(1): 250. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-13-250
  70. Solaki A, Berto F, Smets S. The logic of fast and slow thinking. Erkenntnis. 2021; 86(3): 733-62. The Logic of Fast and Slow Thinking | Erkenntnis
  71. Mohammadi Bytamar J, Saed O, Khakpoor S. Emotion regulation difficulties and academic procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11: 2922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.524588
  72. Wang Y. Academic procrastination and test anxiety: a cross-lagged panel analysis. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools. 2021; 31(1): 122-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.29
  73. Maria-Ioanna A, Patra V. The role of psychological distress as a potential route through which procrastination may confer risk for reduced life satisfaction. Current Psychology. 2022; 41(5): 2860-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341698265_The_role_of_psychological_distress_as_a_potential_route_through_which_procrastination_may_confer_risk_for_reduced_life_satisfaction

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار