1- Şener Çetin N, Şolt Kırca A. The Effect of a Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction Program on Premenstrual Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2023; 68(5): 604–10. doi:10.1111/jmwh.13530
2- Ryu A, Kim TH. Premenstrual syndrome: A mini review. Maturitas. 2015; 82(4): 436–40.
doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.08.010
3- Shehadeh JH, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Prevalence and association of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder with academic performance among female university students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2018; 54(2): 176–84.
doi:10.1111/ppc.12219
4- Gao M, Zhang H, Gao Z, Cheng X, Sun Y, Qiao M, et al. Global and regional prevalence and burden for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2022; 101(1).
doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028528
5- Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in Turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2023; 28(5): 1347–57. doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.2013509
6- Fatemi M, Allahdadian M, Bahadorani M. Comparison of serum level of some trace elements and vitamin D between patients with premenstrual syndrome and normal controls: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2019; 17(9): 647. doi:10.18502/ijrm.v17i9.5100
7- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 2022. Available from:
8- Oates F. Trauma Informed Support and Supervision for Child Protection Professionals: A Model for Those Working with Children who Have Experienced Trauma, Abuse and Neglect and Their Families. Taylor & Francis; 2022. Available from:
9- Weiss H. The conceptualization of trauma in psychoanalysis: An introduction. Int J Psychoanal. 2021; 102(4): 755–64.
doi:10.1080/00207578.2021.1932057
10- Britton R. Endogenous trauma and psycho-phobia. Bull Br Psychol Soc. 2005;41(3):5–16.
11- Bateman AW, Fonagy P. Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. American Psychiatric Pub; 2019.
doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379019
12- Hosseinian Langouri Sorkhi K, Khanjaani Z, Hashemi T. Structural Modeling of Borderline Personality Traits in Adolescents Based on Object Relations and Childhood Trauma: The Mediating Role of Mentalization Capacity. Clinical Psychology and Personality. 2024; 22(1): 213–32. doi:10.22070/CPAP.2024.18482.1450 [In Persian]
13- Fowler S. The relationship between traumatic events and psychological symptomatology and the moderating role of mentalization. 2016. Available from:
14- Ito K, Doi S, Isumi A, Fujiwara T. Association between childhood maltreatment history and premenstrual syndrome. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 781.
doi:10.3390/ijerph18020781
15- Yang Q, Þórðardóttir EB, Hauksdóttir A, Aspelund T, Jakobsdóttir J, Halldorsdottir T, et al. Association between adverse childhood experiences and premenstrual disorders: A cross-sectional analysis of 11,973 women. BMC Med. 2022; 20(1): 60. doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02275-7
16- Morishita C, Inoue T, Honyashiki M, Ono M, Iwata Y, Tanabe H, et al. Roles of childhood maltreatment, personality traits, and life stress in the prediction of severe premenstrual symptoms. Biopsychosoc Med. 2022; 16(1): 11.
doi:10.1186/s13030-022-00240-7
17- Yi SJ, Kim M, Park I. Investigating influencing factors on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female college students. BMC Womens Health. 2023; 23(1): 1–9.
doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02752-y
18- Alshdaifat E, Absy N, Sindiani A, AlOsta N, Hijazi H, Amarin Z, et al. Premenstrual Syndrome and Its Association with Perceived Stress: The Experience of Medical Students in Jordan. Int J Womens Health. 2022; 777–85.
doi:10.2147/IJWH.S361964
19- Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983; 385–96. doi:10.2307/2136404
20- Huh HJ, Kim KH, Lee HK, Jeong BR, Hwang JH, Chae JH. Perceived Stress, Positive Resources and Their Interactions as Possible Related Factors for Depressive Symptoms. Psychiatry Investig. 2021 Jan; 18(1): 59–68.
\doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0208
21- Lu S, Wei F, Li G. The evolution of the concept of stress and the framework of the stress system. Cell Stress. 2021; 5(6): 76-85.
doi:10.15698/cst2021.06.250
22- Perkonigg A, Yonkers KA, Pfister H, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Risk factors for premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a community sample of young women: The role of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry.. 2004; 65(10): 1314–22. doi:10.4088/JCP.v65n1004
23- Woods NF, Most A, Longenecker GD. Major life events, daily stressors, and perimenstrual symptoms. Nurs Res. 1985; 34(5): 263–7.
doi:10.1097/00006199-198509000-00002
24- Dózsa-Juhász O, Makai A, Prémusz V, Ács P, Hock M. Investigation of premenstrual syndrome in connection with physical activity, perceived stress level, and mental status—a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. 2023; 11.
doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1223787
25- Nasiri F, Sharifi S, Mashhadi A, Sharp R. Premenstrual syndrome: The role of emotion regulation strategies and trait meta-mood. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. 2021; 1–12. doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00412-4
26- Azoulay M, Reuveni I, Dan R, Goelman G, Segman R, Kalla C, et al. Childhood trauma and premenstrual symptoms: The role of emotion regulation. Child Abuse Negl. 2020; 108:104637. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104637
27- Gruhn MA, Compas BE. Effects of maltreatment on coping and emotion regulation in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse Negl. 2020; 103: 104446.
doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104446
28- Lavi I, Katz LF, Ozer EJ, Gross JJ. Emotion reactivity and regulation in maltreated children: A meta‐analysis. Child Dev. 2019; 90(5): 1503–24. doi:10.1111/cdev.13272
29- Urquijo I, Borrajo E, Gonzalez-Santamaria X, Alcaraz S. Antecedents of perceived stress in trail runners: Do emotion regulation and negative self-talk matter? Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2023; 1–16. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2023.2242938
30- Mahmoudi S, Firoozabadi A, Hosseini SR, Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaei SK, Shamsaei M. Investigating the Predictive Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depression, Anxiety and Stress of Adolescents. Clinical Psychology and Personality [Internet]. 2024; 22(2): 65–78. Available from:
[In Persian]
31- Jurist E. Mentalized affectivity. Psychoanalytic Psychology. 2005; 22(3): 44-426.
doi:10.1037/0736-9735.22.3.426
32- Jurist E. Minding emotions: Cultivating mentalization in psychotherapy. Guilford Publications; 2018. Available from:
33- Schwarzer NH, Nolte T, Fonagy P, Gingelmaier S. Mentalizing and emotion regulation: Evidence from a nonclinical sample. Int Forum Psychoanal. 2021;30(1):34-45. doi:10.1080/0803706X.2021.1873418
34- Parada‐Fernández P, Herrero‐Fernández D, Oliva‐Macías M, Rohwer H. Analysis of the mediating effect of mentalization on the relationship between attachment styles and emotion dysregulation. Scand J Psychol. 2021; 62(3): 312–20. doi:10.1111/sjop.12717
35- Liu Q, Wang Y, Van Heck CH, Qiao W. Stress reactivity and emotion in premenstrual syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;1597–602.
doi:10.2147/NDT.S132001
36- Lee SH, Song JA, Hur MH. Effect of emotional labor and stress on premenstrual syndrome among hospital nurses. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2016; 22(1): 61–70.
doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2016.22.1.61
37- Shabani M, Khalatbari J. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on emotion regulation difficulties and psychological well-being in premenstrual syndrome. Health Psychology. 2019; 8(29): 134–52.
doi:10.30473/hpj.2019.38051.3847 [In Persian]
38- Branecka-Woźniak D, Cymbaluk-Płoska A, Kurzawa R. The impact of premenstrual syndrome on women’s quality of life-a myth or a fact? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022; 26(2): 598-609. Available from:
39- Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press; 2005
40- Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, et al. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994; 151(8): 1132–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
41- Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003; 27(2): 169–90.
doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
42- Essien EA, Attoe OR, Anake GA, Uwah EE, Aigbomian EJ, Eleazu FI, et al. The childhood trauma questionaire: Validity, reliability and factor structure among adolescents in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2018; 27(3): 252–9. doi:10.4103/1115-2613.278787
43- Ebrahimi H, Dejkam M, Seghatoleslam T. Childhood traumas and suicide attempt in adulthood. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2014; 19(4): 275–82.
44- Stauder A, Konkolÿ Thege B. Az észlelt stressz kérdőív (PSS) magyar verziójának jellemzői. Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika. 2006; 7(3): 203–16. doi:10.1556/Mental.7.2006.3.4
45- Cohen S. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. 1988. Available from:
46- Maroufizadeh S, Zareiyan A, Sigari N. Reliability and validity of Persian version of perceived stress scale (PSS-10) in adults with asthma. Arch Iran Med [Internet]. 2014;
17 (5):
361–5. Available from:
https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6089835
47- Greenberg DM, Kolasi J, Hegsted CP, Berkowitz Y, Jurist EL. Mentalized affectivity: A new model and assessment of emotion regulation. PLoS One. 2017; 12(10): e0185264.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185264
48- Greenberg DM, Rudenstine S, Alaluf R, Jurist EL. Development and validation of the Brief-Mentalized Affectivity Scale: Evidence from cross-sectional online data and an urban community-based mental health clinic. J Clin Psychol. 2021; 77(11): 2638–52.
doi:10.1002/jclp.23203
49- Hakak SM, Azadfallah P, Farahan H. Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Brief-mentalized Affectivity Scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2023; 29(1): 78–93.
doi:10.32598/ijpcp.29.1.3960.2 [In Persian]
50- Steiner M, Macdougall M, Brown E. The premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) for clinicians. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003; 6: 203–9. doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0018-4
51- Pacitti F, Iorio C, Riccobono G, Iannitelli A, Pompili A. Assessment of premenstrual symptoms: Validation of the Italian version of the premenstrual symptoms screening Tool. Riv Psichiatr. 2021;
56(5):
246–53. Available from:
https://www.rivistadipsichiatria.it/archivio/3681/articoli/36672/
52- Hariri FZ, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Siah Bazi S, Saki Malehi A, Montazeri A. The Iranian version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST): A validation study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013; 16: 531–7.
doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0375-6
53- Franke G, Sarstedt M. Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: A comparison of four procedures. Internet Res. 2019; 29(3): 430–47. doi:10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515
54- Hair JF, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. J Mark Theory Pract. 2011; 19(2): 139–52.
doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
55- Wetzels M, Odekerken-Schröder G, Van Oppen C. Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Q. 2009; (33(1):177-95. doi:10.2307/20650284
56- Wakatsuki Y, Inoue T, Hashimoto N, Fujimura Y, Masuya J, Ichiki M, et al. Influence of childhood maltreatment, adulthood stressful life events, and affective temperaments on premenstrual mental symptoms of nonclinical adult volunteers. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020; 1–10. doi:10.2147/NDT.S232925
57- Ellis BJ. Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: An integrated life history approach. Psychol Bull. 2004; 130(6): 920.
doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.920
58- Hou L, Huang Y, Zhou R. Premenstrual syndrome is associated with altered cortisol awakening response. Stress. 2019; 22(6): 640–6. doi:10.1080/10253890.2019.1608943
59- Meng Y, Chang L, Hou L, Zhou R. Menstrual attitude and social cognitive stress influence autonomic nervous system in women with premenstrual syndrome. Stress. 2022; 25(1): 87–96. doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.2024163
60- Schliep KC, Mumford SL, Vladutiu CJ, Ahrens KA, Perkins NJ, Sjaarda LA, et al. Perceived stress, reproductive hormones, and ovulatory function: A prospective cohort study. Epidemiology. 2015; 26(2): 84-177.
doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000238
61- Ansong E, Arhin SK, Cai Y, Xu X, Wu X. Menstrual characteristics, disorders and associated risk factors among female international students in Zhejiang Province, China: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Womens Health. 2019; 19(1): 1–10.
doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0730-5
62- Dhawan A, Hernole J. Effect of perceived pandemic stress and sleep variation on menstrual cycle occurrence, its severity and premenstrual syndrome: A cross sectional study. J Womens Health Dev. 2020; 3(4): 437–45.
doi:10.26502/fjwhd.2644-28840052
63- Tonon AC, Ramos-Lima LF, Kuhathasan N, Frey B N. Early life trauma, emotion dysregulation and hormonal sensitivity across female reproductive life events. Curr Psychiatry Rep.. 2024; 26(10): 530-542. doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01527-y
64- Samson JA, Newkirk TR, Teicher MH. Practitioner Review: Neurobiological consequences of childhood maltreatment–clinical and therapeutic implications for practitioners. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2024; 65(3): 369-380.
doi:10.1111/jcpp.13883
65- Nayman S, Beddig T, Reinhard I, Kuehner C. Effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on mood and cortisol in daily life in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychol Med. 2023; 53(11): 5342–52. doi:10.1017/S0033291722002495
66- Kirschbaum C, Kudielka, B M, Gaab J, Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH. Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychosom Med. 1999; 61(2): 62-154.
doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00006
67- Klatzkin, RR, Lindgren ME, Forneris CA, Girdler SS. Histories of major depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Evidence for phenotypic differences. Biological psychology. 2010; 84(2): 47-235. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.018