1- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
2- Iacolino C, Pellerone M, Pace U, Ramaci T, Castorina V. Family functioning and disability: a study on Italian parents of disabled children. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. 2016; 8: 39–52.
3- George JE. Challenges Faced by Parents of Children with Learning Disability. JSWEP [Internet]. 2017 Apr. 13 [cited 2026 Jan. 28]; 2(1): 25-30. Available from:
4- Jackson SZ, Pinto-Martin JA, Deatrick JA, Boyd R, Souders MC. High depressive symptoms, low family functioning, and low self-efficacy in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder compared to two control groups. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 2024; 30(2): 300-312 10783903221104147. doi:10.1177/10783903221104147
5- Xiong T, McGrath PJ, Stewart SH, Bagnell A, Kaltenbach E. Risk and protective factors for posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth in parents of children with intellectual and developmental disorders. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2022; 13 (1): 2087979.
doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2087979
6- Cetinbakis G, Bastug G, Ozel-Kizil ET. Factors contributing to higher caregiving burden in Turkish mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 2020; 66 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1080/20473869.2018.1478630
7- Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1996; 9 (3): 455–471. doi:10.1007/BF02103658
8- Odeh-Saba L. Mental health and personal growth of Arab mothers of children with and without intellectual developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2025; 158: 104948. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2025.104948
9- Graziano RC, Brown WJ, Strasshofer DR, Yetter MA, Berfield JB, Haven SE, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic growth, and personality factors: a network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2023;338: 207–219.
10- Wong CCY, Yeung NC. Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth: cognitive processes as mediators. Mindfulness. 2017; 8: 1078–1087.
11- Costa PT, McCrae RR. Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI): professional manual. Odessa (FL): Psychological Assessment Resources; 1992. 179-198.
12- Stein JY, Levin Y, Bachem R, Solomon Z. Growing apart: a longitudinal assessment of the relation between post-traumatic growth and loneliness among combat veterans. Frontiers in psychology. 2018; 9: 893. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00893
13- Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Schroevers MJ, Somsen GA. Post-Traumatic Growth After a Myocardial Infarction: A Matter of Personality, Psychological Health, or Cognitive Coping? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2008; 15 (4): 270–277.
14- Drapeau CW, Lockman JD, Moore M M, Cerel J. Predictors of posttraumatic growth in adults bereaved by suicide. Crisis. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Crisis. 2019; 40(3): 196-202.
15- Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry. 2004; 15 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
16- Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity. 2003; 2 (3): 223–250.
17- Liu C, Lin P, Xiong Z. Self-compassion and psychological flourishing among college students: the mediating role of hope and the moderating role of emotion regulation. Behav Sci. 2024; 14 (12): 1149. doi:10.3390/bs14121149
18- Delavar A. Theoretical and practical foundations of research in humanities. Tehran: Roshd; 2016. [In Persian]
19- Roshan Chesli R, Shaeiri MR, Atri Fard M, Nik Khah A, Ghaemmaghami B, Rahimi Rad A. Psychometric properties of the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI). Daneshvar Behavior. 2006; 13 (16): 27–36.
20- Khosravi S, Sadeghi M, Yabandeh MR. Psychometric properties of Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Journal of Psychological Models and Methods. 2013; 3 (13): 47–58.
21- Momeni F, Shahidi S, Motabi F, Heidari M. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Contemporary Psychology. 2013; 8 (2): 27–40.
22- Davari A, Rezazadeh A. Structural equation modeling with PLS software. Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi Publishing Organization; 2014.
[In Persian]
23- McCrae RR, John OP. An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality. 1992; 60 (2): 175–215.
24- Taku K, Cann A, Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. Core beliefs shaken by an earthquake correlate with posttraumatic growth. Psychological trauma: Theory, research, practice, and policy. 2015; 7 (6): 563–569.
25- Bermúdez J. Personality and health‐protective behaviour. European journal of personality. 1999 Mar;13 (2): 83-103. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(199903/04)13:2<83::AID-PER338>3.0.CO;2-M
26- Markey CN, Markey PM. Personality, relationships, and health. Journal of Personality. 2014; 82 (6): 467–471. doi:10.1111/jopy.12080
27- Schomerus G, Appel K, Meffert PJ, Luppa M, Andersen RM, Grabe HJ, et al. Personality-related factors as predictors of help-seeking for depression: a population-based study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2013; 48 (11): 1809–1817.
28- Bitar Z, Fekih-Romdhane F, Mahfoud D, Fawaz M, Hallit S, et al. The mediating effect of post-traumatic growth on the relationship between personality traits and resilience among a sample of Lebanese adults. PLoS One. 2024; 19 (5): e0298043. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298043
29- Sheikhi M, Matinnia N, Yazdi-Ravandi S. The role of the five-factor model of personality on posttraumatic growth in recovered COVID-19 patients. BMC Psychology. 2023; 11 (1): 1–11.
30- Fredrickson BL, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR. What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003; 84 (2): 365–376. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.365
31- Sharpe JP, Martin NR, Roth KA. Optimism and the Big Five factors of personality: beyond neuroticism and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences. 2011; 51 (8): 946–951.
32- Xie CS, Kim Y. Post-traumatic growth during COVID-19: the role of perceived social support, personality, and coping strategies. Healthcare (Basel). 2022; 10 (2): 224.
33- Khosravi P, Namani A. Investigating the structural model of the relationship between psychological resilience, self-compassion, and family cohesion. Self-Compassion Research Reports. 2021: 1–15.
34- Asadollahzadeh F. The relationship between personality traits and self-compassion in students of Isfahan city. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Psychology. Education. and Lifestyle; 1398.
35- Yang F, Hagiwara C, Kotani T, Hirao J, Oshio A. Comparing self-esteem and self-compassion: an analysis within the Big Five personality traits framework. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023; 14: 1302197. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1302197
36- Neff KD, Rude SS, Kirkpatrick KL. An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality. 2007; 41 (4): 908–916.
37- Neff KD, Vonk R. Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality. 2009; 77 (1): 23–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x
38- Wang T, Wu X. Self-compassion moderates the relationship between neuroticism and depression in junior high school students. Frontiers in psychology. 2024; 15: 1327789.
39- Bertrams A, Blaise M. Self-compassion and emotional recovery in the relationship between neuroticism and subjective well-being. International Journal of Personality Psychology. 2025 Jan 28; 11: 13-21.
40- Noack E, Boldizsar P, Ewert C. How does embracing self-compassion in stressful moments influence our coping abilities in the face of neuroticism? Mindfulness. 2025; 16: 1330–1339. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-025-02574-z?utm_source=chatgpt.com